Privacy - 1776 Words

Running Head: THE EXISTENCE OF PRIVACY WITH TECHNOLOGY THE EXISTENCE OF PRIVACY WITH TECHNOLOGY Obediah Howard Bellevue University THE EXISTENCE OF PRIVACY WITH TECHNOLOGY Abstract This research paper will discuss the relationship between privacy and technology. It will attempt to ascertain if technology and privacy can share the same plane of existence. Benefits and deficiencies of a particular technology are not hereditary to that technology, but are depend on their application. The public insists on accountability of technological innovation and assurance that privacy will remain intact. Striking a balance between enabling technology to enrich lives and restricting it from invading privacy has to be†¦show more content†¦The convenience of communicating around the world in an instant or purchasing products and services over the Internet, and even online banking is not without risk. In fact, any online activity that involves sharing personal information is inherently risky. In the social networking arena, users voluntarily divulge personal information online that, prior to the digital age, would have been considered private and restricted. Without careful and fierce examination of information prior to submitting it online, users unwittingly and certainly unwillingly subject themselves to threat of privacy intrusion. Personal data posted online could be retrieved to take advantage of users, adversely affecting their lives. GPS coordinates embedded in photos taken from smartphones expose the location of where the photo was taken and could be used for exploitation. Online identity theft can occur if users are not more cognizant of online activities. Online social networking services and ecommerce websites generally collect two types of information: personal details provided by a user and usage data collected automatically as the user spends time on the internet visiting different areas. The public is increasingly concerned about privacy protection but will accept a new technology if the public is properly informed and understand what’s happening to its data and the desired convenience is delivered (Buckler, 2011). The public is aware that, in order to take advantage of someShow MoreRelatedPrivacy And The Privacy Of Privacy1803 Words   |  8 PagesFirstly, it would be a good idea to explain exactly what privacy is and then discuss the importance of privacy and some of the legal consequences that could arise when violating a patient’s privacy. I’ve always believed that privacy is one of the most important things when it comes to the patient s care. One of the main forms of privacy that I would like to discuss is, Informational privacy which is defined as the privacy of personal information and usually relates to personal data stored on computerRead MorePrivacy And The Privacy Of Privacy1735 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society, the w ord â€Å"privacy† has become ubiquitous. When discussing whether government surveillance and data collection pose a threat to privacy, the most common retort against privacy advocates – by those in favor of databases, video surveillance, spyware, data mining and other modern surveillance measures – is this line: If I’m not doing anything wrong, what would I have to hide? The allowance of the government’s gathering and analysis of our personal information stems from an inadequateRead MorePrivacy And The Privacy Of Privacy1626 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy is the ability to maintain what or who can access and see your personal content and information. With that, the idea of privacy is different amongst different cultures and countries, while they all differ, they share common characteristics. The act of sharing ones own personal information is decision one must make on their own. Privacy is a right that all people should have and the government has the responsibility of maintaining that right. Data such as personal emails, bank details, medicalRead MorePrivacy Issues : Privacy And Privacy Essay2250 Words   |  9 PagesPrivacy Privacy has been a thing for consideration ever since the early days and has even become more worrisome recently with the evolvement of information technology. Individuals around the world value their privacy and the protection of their personal information. Having a knowledge of who is accessing their information and what it is being used for. But with the recent and rapid evolvement of IT, information privacy is being threatened and individuals no longer possess the control over who hasRead MorePrivacy Is An American Invasion Of Privacy3114 Words   |  13 PagesPrivacy is an especially equivocal idea, in particularly because invasion of privacy is a concept that is arguably questionable. Privacy has been defined as the right to be left alone without unwarranted intrusion by government, media, or other institutions or individuals. While this definition serves as a quick start to the right of privacy, there are still several interpretations as to what may or may not constitute a s an invasion of privacy. What one person may believe to be an innocent curiosityRead MoreA Brief Note On Privacy And The Privacy2459 Words   |  10 PagesDec. 2014 A Right to Privacy Technology has proposed a variety of different options to support the privacy rights of people. At the same time, technology has also done the opposite, making it almost impossible for anyone to have secured privacy. Nowadays, there are multiple hacking programs or devices that can help protect private information; however, they can also be used to invade privacy. Modern-day society has records of incidents and events involving the invasion of privacy, including those notRead MorePrivacy Is An American Invasion Of Privacy3113 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Privacy is an especially equivocal idea, in particularly because invasion of privacy is a concept that is arguably questionable. Privacy has been defined as the right to be left alone without unwarranted intrusion by government, media, or other institutions or individuals. While this definition serves as a quick start to the right of privacy, there are still several interpretations as to what may or may not constitute as an invasion of privacy. What one person may believe to be anRead MoreThe Invasion Of Privacy And Privacy1399 Words   |  6 PagesCelebrities; They Have A Right To Their Privacy Too   Ã‚  Ã‚   Invasion of privacy occurs way too often in society. How would you feel if you had your personal photos hacked, and then reposted onto the internet, what if they were your nude photos? What about your medical records, would you like to have your records stolen and then announced for the whole world to know? Many groups have their privacies hacked, stolen, abused, or even shared through other means of social media.   Look at one particular groupRead MoreThe Right to Privacy1152 Words   |  5 Pages Personal interest in the right to privacy has intensified in recent years along with the rapid development of new technologies. A century later, these concerns remain, but many others have joined them. Advances in information and communications technology have increased our ability to collect, store and transmit data about individuals. While these advances could be considered useful, some see them as a situation where anyone can watch and record the actions of every ind ividual, and where theRead MoreShould Privacy Be Privacy? Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesIs it possible to have privacy in this day in age? Is somebody watching every move we make? These questions have been running through my mind ever since I got my iPhone. It’s terrifying to believe that someone could be watching me all the time. Although this isn’t on my mind every second of the day, it is something major to think about. Unfortunately this is an issue that we deal with today. Whenever we expose ourselves to the public, ninety percent of the time we are being watched. I do understand

Plato s The Socratic Method - 2253 Words

Plato wrote nearly 30 dialogues, most of which focused on his predecessor, Socrates. His earlier works focused on Socrates Theories, or the Socratic method, while his later works focused on his own laws and Xenophon s Hiero. Some of Plato s dialogues include the Meno, Symposium, Republic, and the Phaedo. The Socratic method is a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to generate ideas. This paper is going to focus on a few of Plato s earlier works and how they incorporate the Socratic method, versus his later works that seem to go in a different direction all together. First, it is important to understand that the Socratic method is a dialectical method that often involves discussion between people in which one person questions the defense of a point of view; many times the person defending his point of view may contradict himself, which gives the opposition a stronger defense. For example, Socrate s would use a simple question to begin many of his teachings, such as â€Å"Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?† As an alternative example, are actions right, or wrong, based only on the authority s approval of said actions? Socrates used this method many times to secure his point of view. Although Socrates wrote nothing down, therefore not allowing us to truly study his point of views or his teachings, we can assume that most ofShow MoreRelatedSocrates : The Suicide Of Socrates1405 Words   |  6 Pageswas asking in the dialectic method (also known as the Socratic method). The Socratic method was also referred to as the method of â€Å"elenchus†. The principle underlying the Socratic method is that students learn through the use of critical thinking, reasoning, and logic. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person wou ld seek. This method was a influence in creating the scientific method, where the hypotheses is theRead MoreQuestions On World Philosophy By Plato, Maria Montessori, And John Dewey1276 Words   |  6 PagesPaper Mikala: I ask you this, what is Knowledge? Plato: Knowledge is Virtue. Maria Montessori: Knowledge is what we observe. John Dewey: Knowledge is the active adaptation of a person based on their environment. This is an example of the Socratic dialog laid out by Plato. Plato was a philosopher and educator whom believed that education was the key to society. As a student, I realize how my education was impacted by philosophers such a Plato, Montessori, and Dewey. As a future teacher, it isRead MoreThe Socratic Method And Nietzsche s Objections1390 Words   |  6 Pages The Socratic Method and Nietzsche’s Objections In Plato’s apology, the story is told of how Chaerephon, friend of Socrates, went to the temple at Delphi to ask the oracle a question pertaining to the wisdom of Socrates, and how it compares to the rest of the men on earth. â€Å"He asked if any man was wiser than I, and the Pythian replied that no one was wiser† (Plato). This response was very confusing to Socrates because he recognized that he was not wise at all, and it troubled him for some timeRead MorePhilosophy1687 Words   |  7 PagesAnthony Charpentier Due Date: 10/7/14 PHI 307 – Ancient Philosophy First Essay Assignment Xenophanes, Socrates, Plato on the possibility of knowledge Skepticism – A skeptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of something. In ordinary skepticism this would mean someone who would doubt the existence of something. A difference between the two is normal skepticism is you try to get it clear in your head. Ordinary doubt - or local skepticism - can usually be tested - and even when it cantRead MoreA Life Sketch of Plato and His Works905 Words   |  4 PagesGreek philosophers, Plato must remain the best known of all the Greeks. The original name of this Athenian aristocrat was Aristiclis, but in his school days he received the nickname Platon (meaning broad) because of his broad shoulders. Plato was born in Athens, Greece to one of the oldest and most distinguished families in the city. He lived with his mother, Perictione, and his father, Ariston (Until Ariston died.) Born in an aristocratic and rich family, Plato s childhood was indulgedRead MoreThe Theory Of The Philosophy Of Education Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching Philosophy Emily E. Blackwell Athens State University Abstract Idealism, thought to be the creation of Greek philosopher, Plato, is the approach that teachers use to get students to ask and answer questions in order to reach the next level of education. The teacher will typically use a variety of inquiry based learning tactics. This school of thought is used to develop each students’ individual abilities and moral character. The idealist feels that with the development of moral characterRead MoreAccusations Against Socrates1014 Words   |  5 Pagesposed a threat to society was a factor, the most direct reason why Socrates was executed was his method to question wise Athenians. The Socratic method iniciated the corruption of youth by young men who tried to imitate Socrates and as a result, posed a threat to society since the next generation may not follow traditional Athenian rules. Early on, Socrates had clearly established to the Athenian s that he was not a Sophist. He had no intention to teach for money but instead to spread his newRead MoreSocrates Vs. Plato : The Essential Themes Of The Meno1633 Words   |  7 Pagesof context that is crucial to understanding the essential themes of the Meno, largely because the dialogue sits nearly at the beginning of western philosophy. Socrates and Plato are working not so much in the context of previous philosophies as in the context of the lack of them. Further, this is very probably one of Plato s earliest surviving dialogues, set in about 402 BCE (by extension, we might presume that it represents Socrates at a relatively early stage in his own thought). Nonetheless,Read MoreThe Philosophy of Socrates: a Lover of Wisdom2030 Words   |  9 PagesWisdom (2052 Words) THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCRATES 2 The lessons of life that are delivered by Socrates act as a basis for Western philosophy. Plato, the writer of The Apology, significantly respects Socrates and his dialogues act as a framework for our understanding in the passages. Our only record of his life comes from his associates, as Socrates never documented his opinions. A clear expressionRead MoreThe Basic Principle Of Inquiry1195 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking. Ancient The Ancient Era of philosophy spanned from the 7th century B.C to the 5th century and consisted of 4 briefer eras; Pre-Socratic, Socratic, Hellenistic, and finished of with Roman. Many of the philosophers of this era came from Greece or Rome, but many Egyptian scholars also had significant ideas that were present during these times. Pre-Socratic Many of the works (such as plays, books, etc†¦) of this time period have been lost to history or we’ve only recovered portions of scriptures

Managing People in a Global Context

Question: Discuss about theManaging People in a Global Context. Answer: Introduction This paper is about the human resource management practices for AirAsia, an air transport company, between two countries Malaysia and Indonesia with Malaysia as the parent country. AirAsia is a Malaysian low-cost airline. It was established in year 1993 but it starts its operations towards the end of 1996. At first it was a government owned corporation but due to heavy debts the airline was sold to Tony Femandes in 2001. Before it was sold to Tony AirAsia was unable to attract sufficient customers from Malaysia Airline thus failed to establish its market (Jiang and Li 2016). As a matter of fact, Malaysia Airlines is among the leading award charming as well as the biggest less costly airlines across Malaysia and has been growing up rapidly since dawn of the millennium. AirAsia flies to over 60 domestic and international destinations with over 100 routes, it also runs over 400 air travel on daily basis from centers located in Malaysia and Indonesia. The airline has a fleet of over 70 a irlines which has flown millions of people across the region and it keeps on creating far-reaching route networks in the country and through its associate company in Indonesia. Air carriage is one of the worlds greatest significant businesses that every organization cannot be successful in. Over the various progress and its technical services accomplishments makes it one of the utmost providers to its development in the current society. The carrier conveyance development is an exceptional one as equated to other methods of transport as it is necessary to the trade and industry progress (Nugraha, 2016). Consequently, AirAsia through its business idea Now Everyone Can Fly opens the skies for everyone. AirAsia is selected as the favorite choice of transport. HRM Practices Training and Development Training personalities is a process that is directly related to skills, knowledge and strategies which are necessary for any given specific job. This may include coaching of workers innovative skills, uncovering them to inexperienced planning, providing employees with a chance to practice and get feedback on certain styles of working with people and also buoy up people to discuss their work with each other. This can be an ongoing process throughout a staff members employment. On-the-Job Training This kind of job lets staffs learn through real performance of specific tasks. The employee will have to perform the job and through that will be learning as they goes. This kind of job may be structured by use of hands on application by the support of classroom instructions or may also be unstructured by making use of only hands-on instructions. Consequently, this type of training has got an advantage since there is immediate feedback on performance (Cummings, and Worley 2014). On the other hand it may be of disadvantage to the company since it may slow down production for the trainer and also interrupt the workflow. Job Mentoring Job mentoring involves providing employees with a skilled instructor to supervise the workers learning experience. The instructor plays the role of providing advice, instructions and not performing the job together with the employee as it is the case with on-the-job training. Here the learner worker will have to learn the job as firsthand and only consult the mentor at any given time for assistance. This kind of training is beneficial in that it inspires one-on-one training, the advisor is there to offer advice and the mentee will have to experience growth within the company (Cummings and Worley 2014). Job Rotation This type of training teaches workers ways on how to carry out various jobs over time. The employees will have to take turns around on different jobs in the company, carrying out various different responsibilities that are not linked from the original work. However, it has its own flaws such as workforce not being contented with the new cycle, the morale of employees may drop if they are shifted for an extensive period of time and to some point may also disrupt the workflow since employees get to learn new tasks. On the other hand, as a human resource boss it is essential to shape up an upright association among cultural teams within the company since employee work in a diversified society. Indeed it is a necessity to interact with the native people who serve as agencies in order to provide occupation information and services so that to enable employees to study and comprehend the companys programs (Saks, Haccoun, and Belcourt, 2010).Over and done with such programs the corporation will get to recognize the traditional settings, lives as well as the wellbeing of workers outside the place of work; on the same note it constructs a durable link by increasing appreciative and trust among employees. Accordingly in order for a company to triumph the human resource section is obliged to make sure that it battle any form of discernment so that to realize a reasonable gain over their adjacent rivals. As a result there is need to understand that there is no single organization that can flop to develop an upright crew of operational specialists minus a deep-rooted human resources team. The essential duty of the human resources management crew comprise hiring staffs, teaching them, performance evaluations, work communication, care and not over looking incentive to teams. In respect to this, individuals any known company is titled to perform a number of important activities that will make the business recognize and attain its aims and ideas. It is the duty of directors as well as human resource experts to ensure that they bring together individuals so that to efficiently be in position to carry out different undertakings that takes place inside the company. As a result, for a company to be able to operate its undertakings in a well manner it is supposed to observe and view the workers in the corporation as resources and not liabilities to the firm. Looking at individuals as resources is one of the greatest vital parts of modern human resource management (Daley, 2012). Ultimately human resource executives need to have a clearly understanding of the word diversity, diversity means substantial dissimilarities among personalities, therefore, this comprise different perceptions that are looked at as unique state of businesses and environments. In addition diversity administration is an endless practice that work together and identify the labor force and customers variances into all the various corporate management basics that consist of employee interaction, roles, services and processes, creation of comprehensive, pleasant, original and active business. Performance Management An effective performance management system is one that enhances workers morale, loyalty which increases general productivity. The main goal of talent management in most corporations is to create a maintainable and high performance organization that is be able to meet the operational and planned goals of the organization (Giacalone, and Rosenfeld, 2013). Diverse firms have their own ways of conducting team management but the general goal of the process is common in all businesses. Many employees will be forced to look for new jobs with the development of economic conditions with globalization. AirAsia is determined to spend more time to ensure it develops and retain talent not like other organizations that put tremendous efforts in attracting workers to their companies. AirAsia has confidence that a business with the right talent has the highest probabilities of succeeding and countering competition in the market. This is a crucial duty that human resource is eligible to. Talent management elements are the set of tools that a company can use to ensure that it is able to stay in the marketplace and counter all rivalry that might come about. In line with this, talent management help an organization to streamline the process of hiring and training new employees and help it to focus on activities that are related to the business (Gruman, and Saks, 2011). Moreover, it is important to note that commitment of employees, management development, and structural cultures also have abundant significance when it comes to talent retention in an organization. Talent management is a fundamental part of all teams at AirAsia Company since it helps the business in various ways such as: Engagement of employees: It is with much importance for the human resource department to see to it that it continuously keeps its personnel involved as a way of giving them a sense of belonging and development. Conversely, this is not an easy undertaking, given the overall involvedness of the function. Thus human resource managers tend to lean upon talent management applications in the development of a streamlined process. Carrying out consistent employee evaluations to keep workforces performance on track: Working according to performance evaluation is of great importance because it offers managers and staff an opportunity to discuss their performance, places of interest, goals, challenges, development needs and competencies. For workers to be in the position of performing at the best of their ability it is essential that the company gets regular feedback on what they are doing well and the areas that require improvement. Consequently, this is the time where leaders together with their employees put plans in place and be able to address these performance gaps (Walker, Damanpour, and Devece, 2010). Deliver constant feedback to maximize performance: It is beyond reasonable doubt that continuous feedback plays a significant role in ensuring expansion of return among workers. The process allows for faster corrective action in case things start to go off the rail, since it enables managers and the staff to address the issue when it is still small (Van Dooren, Bouckaert, and Halligan, 2015). Localization of HRM Practices Localization refers to the adaptation of products or services to meet the needs of local people of particular culture, language or other variables. When expanding internationally, AirAsia may consider localizing to Indonesian culture. As multinational gains valuable local resources, the local management shall face little resistance. It is cheaper to maintain a local manager than a foreign manager in the country. The culture and environment dictates the individuals based on their achievement but recruited based on their teamwork skills. The training and development standards need to be maintained. As one size does not fit all, training and development programs need to be provided to the people based on the local culture or language. A cross-cultural training program must be designed by thoroughly assessing the workforce and its needs (Xing et al. 2016). Further, AirAsia can also use the performance management tool by linking to the organizational strategy. As the culture of home country, Malaysia differs from that of host country, Indonesia. Often the corporate home office will not accept common practices and procedures found in Indonesia as a best practice and require Indonesian managers and staff to adapt to the international corporate culture. The workplace culture in Indonesia is paternalistic where the managers are treated as father figures. The employees do not voice their disagreement with the managers. In Indonesia, the collective working culture contradicts bonuses by performance. The deadlines do not matter much that leads to failure and incompetence. Further, the standardization methods in managing employees may not be successful as people across the world are not the same. The employees in Indonesia have different needs from that of Malaysian employees. Therefore, the norms and approaches followed to manage the Malaysian employees may not be successful in Indonesia. Therefore, AirAsia may consider localizing IHRM practices (Edwards et al. 2016). Type of Control An organizational structure is daunting to achieve the core objectives of the business. An organizational structure is important for the decision making, communication, evaluating employee performance, achieving goals and objectives. As airlines have multiple functions and subsidiaries, they have numerous employees working under them to satisfy millions of customers regularly. A structural-formal or bureaucratic structure may be appropriate for the organization. As organizational structure provides backbone for all operations and processes, flow of ideas, information, decisions and reporting relationships, AirAsia may follow bureaucratic processes. There are many layers of management and there is a chain of command (van der Voet 2014). The employees in the airlines shall have specific tasks and roles for the particular departments in the airlines. The duties and responsibilities shall be followed strictly as AirAsia shall have stringent policies and procedures. The formalized proponents of bureaucracy can bring out efficiency and predictability in the organization. The officials follow procedures and instructions for managing performance. There shall be no scope for favoritism in case of bureaucratic structure. Usually, there are fairly rigid vertical structures, so a performance review typically results in a promotion within the department but usually not into other departments, limiting growth and development (Harper 2014). Role of Subsidiary According to a number of studies conducted on subsidiary typologies, the different types of subsidiaries are global innovators, integrated players, implementers and local innovators. The global innovators refer to the firms having low knowledge inflow and large knowledge outflow. The global innovators are independent of their parents. The integrated players are the ones that highly engage in managing heavy information inflows as well as outflows. Further, the implementers have very low knowledge outflow as they do not engage in knowledge transfer. They rely knowledge acquired from parent firms having high knowledge inflows. Lastly, the local innovators are the subsidiaries that engage in very less in acquiring knowledge from or into the parent firms (Audretsch et al. 2012). The subsidiary of AirAsia may play the role of integrated player that is very important for its development. As there is high knowledge inflow, the parent company in Malaysia can educate with the training and development practices they follow. The approaches and practices such as job rotation, job mentoring and on-the-job training can be provided to the Indonesian subsidiary. The performance management practices such as rewarding the employees with incentives and bonuses may also be communicated to the subsidiary. Also, the practices followed in the subsidiary at Indonesia can also be communicated with Malaysian organization. The practices that shall suit the employees in Indonesia regarding training and development and performance management can be communicated with Malaysia. The parent company can adapt to the practices of managing employees and train the employees if the subsidiary finds it successful. Therefore, the role of integrated player shall be suitable for AirAsia the most (Boutellier, Gassmann and Zedtwitz 2014). Conclusion According to the above it is true that AirAsia has an exclusive way of managing its staff. The corporation chiefly focuses on staffs that are related to managerial activities by providing them with assistance in career planning and the need to retain employees. Actually this is an opportunity as employee feel contented and this makes them get driven to work to the best of their ability. AirAsia understands that the only viable competitive advantage is to make sure that workers are happy and motivated towards their work. Recommendations From the above discussion Indonesia will require more financial support so that it can be in a better position to carry out efficient training and development practices as well as performance management practices. This is not an easy task because each option demands a large sum of money in order to engage in equipping its employees with the necessary skills. In addition Malaysia is supposed to take some of its instructors to Indonesia to provide workers there with job mentoring skills. References Audretsch, D., Lehmann, E., Link, A. and Starnecker, A., 2012.Technology Transfer in a Global Economy. 1st ed. Dordrecht: Springer. Boutellier, R., Gassmann, O. and Zedtwitz, M., 2014.Managing global innovation. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014. Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Daley, D.M., 2012. Strategic human resource management. Public Personnel Management, pp.120-125. Edwards, T., Snchez-Mangas, R., Jalette, P., Lavelle, J. and Minbaeva, D., 2016. Global standardization or national differentiation of HRM practices in multinational companies? A comparison of multinationals in five countries.Journal of International Business Studies, 47(8), pp.997-1021. Giacalone, R.A. and Rosenfeld, P., 2013. Impression management in the organization. Psychology Press. Gruman, J.A. and Saks, A.M., 2011. Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), pp.123-136. Harper, C., 2014.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. 1st ed. Florence: Taylor and Francis. Jehanzeb, K. and Bashir, N.A., 2013. Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study. Training and Development, 5(2). Jiang, C. and Li, X., 2016. Research in Transportation Business Management. Nugraha, R.A., 2016. Airasia: Flying Cabotage Under Cloak In Indonesia And Asean. JurnalHukum Pembangunan, 45(2), pp.163-183. Saks, A.M., Haccoun, R.R. and Belcourt, M., 2010. Managing performance through training and development. Cengage Learning. van der Voet, J., 2014. The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure.European Management Journal, 32(3), pp.373-382. Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G. and Halligan, J., 2015. Performance management in the public sector. Routledge. Walker, R.M., Damanpour, F. and Devece, C.A., 2010. Management innovation and organizational performance: The mediating effect of performance management. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, p.muq043. Xing, Y., Liu, Y., Tarba, S. and Cooper, C., 2016. Intercultural influences on managing African employees of Chinese firms in Africa: Chinese managers HRM practices.International Business Review, 25(1), pp.28-41.

Television, Which Was Only In Nine Percent Of American Households In 1

Television, which was only in nine percent of American households in 1950, is now in ninety-eight percent of them. America is the world leader in real crime and violence, which some scientists attribute to the imaginary violence we see on TV. All Americans, regardless of race, religion, gender, age, or social economic group, have been bound together by the shared cultural experience of television, but how does mass media influence people? In particular, does television violence cause aggression? There are many different points of view concerning aggression caused from television violence. A few of these social psychology theories include the Arousal theory, the Social Learning theory, the Disinhibition theory, and the Aggression Reduction theory. On the other hand, some believe the children who are prone to brutality are also drawn to violent shows because they are predisposed to aggression. The Arousal theory states that exposure to television violence increases aggression because violence increases excitation, or arouses its viewers. The Social Learning theory says that ways of behaving are learned by observing others, and that this is a major means by which children acquire unfamiliar behavior. This theory also leads us to expect that children who see fictional characters on television glamorized or rewarded for their violent conduct will not only learn those behaviors but will also be more likely to perform them themselves when given the chance. The Disinhibition theory declares that television violence in certain circumstances will result in increased interpersonal aggression because it weakens inhibitions against such behavior. The last point of view, Aggression Reduction states that under certain conditions exposure to television violence will reduce subsequent aggression. Children are watching, on average, close to twenty-eight hours of television every week. On an average that is 1,456 hours in a single year. By the time a child leaves elementary school, they have witnessed approximately 8,000 murders on television. Surprisingly, cartoons contain the most violence, roughly eighteen acts of aggression every hour. The most recent evidence suggests that by the time they are twelve years old, the average child will have witnessed 100,000 acts of violence on TV. Children's programs are the least likely of all television programs to show the long-term negative consequences of violence. Children who view shows, in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated or left unpunished, are more likely to imitate what they see. The negative consequences of violence are not often portrayed in violent programming. In fact, only four percent of violent programs emphasize and anti-violent theme. Violence prevails in eight out of every ten shows. Moreover, an av erage of five or six violent incidents occurs each hour. On the positive side however, television violence is usually not explicit or graphic. Forty-four percent of the shows on network stations contain at least some violence compared with fifty-nine percent on basic cable, and eighty-five percent on premium cannels like HBO and ShowTime. According to a survey conducted by U.S. News and the University of California of Los Angeles with many top level Hollywood figures, forty-five percent of the Hollywood elite say the overall quality of TV programming has worsened in the past decade. Ironically, there is presently little evidence indicating that violence enhances program popularity. America is the world leader in real crime and violence. Some scientists attribute this to the imaginary violence we see on TV. The impact of TV violence may be immediately evident in a child's behavior, as was the case a few years ago in which a five year old boy set his home on fire, killing his two year old sister because of an episode of Bevis and Buthead or may surface years later. According to research, media violence causes children to act more aggressively, cultivates attitudes that are excessively distorted, frightening, and pessimistic, and desensitizes children to violence. Children who view shows, in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated, of left unpunished, are more likely to imitate what they see. There is a general consensus among social scientists that television violence increases the propensity to real life aggression among some viewers. Evidence suggests that violence on television is potentially dangerous, in that it serves as a model for behavior, especially for children. Children who spend their after school time alone because parents work will

Congress Approval Ratings - Historic Job Approval Data

Congress Approval Ratings - Historic Job Approval Data The approval rating for Congress is abysmally low, and most Americans say they have almost zero faith it can solve our most important problems and view its leaders with severe contempt. But they  also keep re-electing the  same people to represent them in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives  year after year. How can that be? How can an institution be more unpopular than Satan, feel pressure from Americans to set term limits for themselves  yet see 90 percent of its incumbents be re-elected?   Are voters confused? Fickle? Or just unpredictable? And why are approval ratings for Congress so low? Congress Approval Ratings Its no secret that Americans loathe Congress the institution. A majority of voters routinely tell pollsters they dont believe most members of the House and Senate deserve to  be re-elected.  Americans have held the nations legislative branch in low regard for years now, the public-opinion firm Gallup wrote in 2013.   In early 2014, the  portion of people who said the nations lawmakers should win re-election sunk to a low of 17 percent in Gallups survey.  The low approval rating  followed congressional inaction over spending limits and an inability to reach compromise on a number of issues or avoid the government shutdown of 2013. Gallups historical average of Americans supporting re-election for members of Congress is  39 percent.   And yet: Members of Congress have no trouble getting re-elected. Incumbents Are Safe Despite Congress historically abysmal approval ratings, well over 90 percent of House and Senate members who seek re-election win their races on average, according to data published from the Center for Responsive Politics in Washington, D.C. Few things in life are more predictable than the chances of an incumbent member of the U.S. House of Representatives winning reelection, writes the Center for Responsive Politics.  With wide name recognition, and usually an insurmountable advantage in campaign cash, House incumbents typically have little trouble holding onto their seats. The same goes for members of the Senate. Why Our Lawmakers Keep Getting Re-Elected There are several reasons lawmakers keep getting re-elected aside from their name recognition and typically well funded campaign coffers. One of the reasons is that its easier to dislike an institution than it is a person, especially when that person is one of your neighbors. Americans can loathe the inability of the House and Senate to reach agreement on things like the national debt. But they find it more difficult to hold their lawmaker solely responsible. The popular sentiment seems to be, as The Washington Posts Chris Cillizza  once put it,  Throw the bums out. But not my bum. Times Are Changing That sentiment - Congress stinks but my representative is OK - seems to be fading, however. Pollsters at Gallup found in early 2014, for example, that a record-low portion of voters, 46 percent, said their own representative deserved re-election. The enduring unpopularity of Congress appears to have seeped into the nations 435 congressional districts, Gallup wrote. While Congress as an institution is no stranger to voter disenchantment, American voters are usually more charitable in their assessments of their own representatives in the national legislature. But even this has fallen to a new trough. Congress Approval Ratings Through History Heres a look at the Gallups organizations numbers by year. The approval ratings shown here are from the public opinion surveys conducted the latest in each year listed. 2016: 18%2015: 13%2014: 16%2013: 12%2012: 18%2011: 11%2010: 13%2009: 25%2008: 20%2007: 22%2006: 21%2005: 29%2004: 41%2003: 43%2002: 50%2001: 72%2000: 56%1999: 37%1998: 42%1997: 39%1996: 34%1995: 30%1994: 23%1993: 24%1992: 18%1991: 40%1990: 26%1989: Not Available1988: 42%1987: 42%1986:  42%1985:  Not Available1984:  Not Available1983: 33%1982: 29%1981: 38%1980: 25%1979: 19%1978: 29%1977: 35%1976: 24%1975: 28%1974: 35%

The HiSET Test - High School Equivalency Exam

The HiSET Test - High School Equivalency Exam On January 1, 2016, the GED (General Educational Development) test, offered by GED Testing Service, changed big time, and so did the options available to the states in the U.S., each of which sets its own requirements. States now have three testing choices: GED Testing Service (partner in the past) HiSET Program, developed by ETS (Educational Testing Service) Test Assessing Secondary Completion (TASC, developed by McGraw Hill) This article is about the new HiSET test offered in: HawaiiIowaLouisianaMaineMissouriMontanaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyTennesseeWyoming If your state isnt listed here, it offers one of the other high school equivalency tests. Find out which one in our list of states: GED/High School Equivalency Programs in the United States Whats on the HiSET Test? The HiSET test has five parts, and is taken on a computer: Language Arts - Reading (65 minutes)40 multiple-choice questions that require you to read and interpret literary texts from various genres, including memoirs, essays, biographies, editorials, and poetry. Language Arts - Writing (Part 1 is 75 minutes; Part 2 is 45 minutes)Part 1 has 50 multiple-choice questions that test your ability to edit letters, essays, newspaper articles, and other texts for organization, sentence structure, usage, and mechanics.Part 2 involves writing one essay. You will be graded on development, organization, and language. Mathematics (90 minutes)50 multiple-choice questions that test your reasoning skills and understanding of numerical operations, measurement, estimation, data interpretation, and logical thinking. You may use a calculator. Science (80 minutes)50 multiple-choice questions that require you to apply your knowledge of physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, health, and astronomy. Interpretation of graphs, tables, and charts is involved. Social Stud ies (70 minutes)50 multiple-choice questions regarding history, political science, psychology, sociology, anthropology, geography, and economics. You will be required to distinguish fact from opinion, analyze methods, and judge the reliability of sources. The cost of the test, as of January 1, 2014, is $50 with individual parts costing $15 each. The $50 price includes free test prep and two free retests within 12 months. Fees may be slightly different in each state. Test Prep The HiSET website provides a free tutorial video, study companion in the form of a PDF, sample questions, and practice tests. You can purchase additional prep materials on the website. The HiSET site also offers some helpful tips and strategies for passing the test, including how to know if youre ready, how to organize your time, how to answer the multiple-choice questions, and how to approach the essay question on the writing part of the language arts test. The Other Two Tests For information about the other two high school equivalency tests, see: The GED TestThe Test Assessing Secondary Completion (TASC) coming soon!

The Impact of E-Services on Socio-Economic Development in South Africa Research Paper

The Impact of E-Services on Socio-Economic Development in South Africa - Research Paper Example Accessibility to e-services has a high potential to add value to marginalized communities (Heeks, 2010), reduce poverty (Cecchini and Scott, 2003) and spur development. However, accessibility is not enough. Other factors must be put into account when making decisions on information technology developments for optimal benefits to all stakeholders and de-marginalization of marginal groups. E-services have revolutionized the global market to levels never imagined before; however, the true impact has not been quantified since the concept is new and has not been widely adopted, nor has it stabilized. Background The World Bank classifies the economy of South Africa as an upper-middle income economy, being the largest economy in Africa in terms of GDP per capita. However, over a quarter of South Africans are unemployed and a similar number lives on less than 1.25 US dollars per day; it is this population that e-services target most since they are primarily unbanked by the conventional comme rce systems. The economy is an amalgamation of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, though it has shifted in the recent years towards being a tertiary economy, an industry that contributes about 65 percent of GDP (OECD, 2010). Despite the continuous growth of the online industry, the country still lags behind the world’s leading economies in terms of volumes and amounts spent in online transactions. Laws and policies passed and implemented in the recent years have increased access to e-services by the population mainly by increasing competition among service providers, which results in reduced prices for accessing and using e-services. For instance, the Telecoms Amendment Act of 2001 introduced a competing network provider for Telkom, such that for the two to attract and retain customers, they had to reduce the costs of their services (Z-Coms, 2002). Elimination of monopoly was the first step towards liberalization of the telecommunications sector, which was achieved b y the Electronic Communications Act (ECA) of 2005. Finally, the Electronic Communication and Transactions Act of 2002 that was aimed at facilitation of e-transactions, e-governance, and other services introduced reliable and universal access to e-services. Context Cieslikowski et al. (2008) state that the world has seen exponential growth in coverage by mobile networks for both developed and developing countries; hence the impact of use of these devices cannot be ignored. For instance, money transfer services whereby money is sent through a mobile network and collected from a local retail outlet, have changed how the low-income communities transfer their money. Before the introduction of services like these, the poor had little or no access to banking and money transfer services, mainly because of high rates or the location of the banking institution in cities. In this case, ICT enabled the rural folk to have access to services that were previously a preserve of the rich. Further ch anges are expected on migration to digital terrestrial television migration, as digital signal will include all communication services bundled. Therefore, everyone will be able to access services with relative ease, and the government will use these channels to communicate matters on policy and development (Gupta and Shah, 2012). However, for these benefits to be enjoyed by the common citizen,

Hillary Clinton will be elected president in 2008 Essay

Hillary Clinton will be elected president in 2008 - Essay Example The Iraq war has become unpopular with many Americans. Although the official cause for the war in Iraq was to free Iraqis from the rule of Saddam Hussein, fight terrorism, and eliminate the "weapons of mass destruction" that were supposedly being stockpiled by Hussein, inspectors were not able to confirm the existence of those weapons and a large number of Iraqis see the US Army as an occupation force, not as an army of liberation. The information that linked Hussein to Al-Queda has been proven to be false. Many believe that the war was really over control of Iraq's oil resources. The war originally seemed to be successful, as the US Military defeated Iraq's official army quickly and occupied Baghdad; however, there is currently a continuous civil war in Iraq that seems to be unwinnable by America. The only reliable method of winning guerilla wars is genocide, which no one in America supports. The US Army is becoming overextended. There have also been accusations and proved cases of torture in American prison camps, and the price of oil has been constantly rising in the past few years. Hillary Clinton has stated clearly that if she becomes the president, she will end it- "If President Bush does not end the war, when Hillary Clinton is president, she will. ... And today she described how she would bring the war to an end" (Clinton, 2007). Clinton's three-part plan for ending the war includes setting up a gradual redeployment plan, attempting to broker peace between the parties involved in the Iraqi Civil War, and attempting to set up alliances with other nations in the region to help stabilize Iraq. A major problem that is facing the world in the twenty-first century is global warming. Hillary Clinton offers a good plan to slow the progress of global warming. The rate of global warming could accelerate rapidly as positive feedback loops occur. Many citizens are concerned about the effects of global warming, as the process could be extremely destructive to America and the world. The level on concern has been increasing over time-"Most Americans blame emissions from cars and industrial plants as the primary cause of global warming and believe the United States should reduce levels even if other countries don't, a survey shows. Fifty-six percent of poll respondents said the phenomenon of global warming has been proven, and can be largely blamed on human endeavors, such as power plants and factories, according to the CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll. In comparison, 21 percent of those surveyed claimed global warming problems are caused either by natural changes or are unproven. Sixt y-six percent of Americans believe the United States should do what it can to reduce global warming, even if other nations ignore it. This compares with 52 percent of respondents who believed that way in 2001" ( Poll shows Americans getting more concerned about global warming, 2007). Dependance on foreign oil imports is also a situation that scares many Americans. "Centered on a cap

Life in Plymouth Colony Essay Example for Free

Life in Plymouth Colony Essay The book of John Demos on â€Å"A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony† explores on the concept of the family life in the context of the Plymouth Colony. In particular, it tends to describe the ways of life of the people in the Plymouth Colony specifically the aspect of family, which is the smallest unit of the society. Through this book review, one will be able to determine the true accounts of the social life and customs of the people in the Plymouth Colony. Basically, the book is dedicated into furthering the importance of the smallest and most intimates of all group environments- the family. This concept has been usually left out by experts and historians alike wherein their interest is focused on the larger units of social actions. This includes the region, the class, the party, the ethnic as well as the religious group. Most of the time, the unit of family is left with the behavioral science which includes the anthropology, sociology and psychology. In order to examine the behavior of the Plymouth Colony in a family setting, the author has to descend on the local level which is considered as almost personal history. As such, one has to know average people in the everyday routine of their lives, in order to begin to understand their behavior in a family setting. In this way, the author was able to successfully present a picture of the family in the Plymouth Colony rather than any single instance thereof. Different aspects of the family setting of the Plymouth Colony have been discussed in the book. The author started with providing a historical survey on the Plymouth Colony. Among the various aspects of family setting mentioned in the book are physical setting, the structure of the household and the themes of individual development. More specifically, the physically setting deals with the elements of housing, furnishing and clothing. On the structure of household, it consists of the husbands and wives, membership, parents and children and, masters and servants. Lastly, the themes of individual development involve the infancy and childhood, coming of age as well as late years. With the examination on the different aspects of the Plymouth Colony’s family setting, the author has come to realized that the family life in Plymouth was not at all unique. This is because of the evident similarities of the colony with other American colonies. More specifically, the similarity between the Plymouth Colony and other American colonies reside in the embrace of the term â€Å"Puritanism†. As such, it can be claimed that the family is, after all, an extremely fundamental and durable institution: it often provides a kind of common denominator, or baseline, for a whole culture whose various parts may differ substantially in other respects. Plymouth Colony has been known as the Old Colony and sometimes, the New Colony. It has been said that this colony is founded by the â€Å"Pilgrims† in 1620. In particular, the â€Å"Pligrims† are defined as the group of religious people which consists of adults as well as family groupings. They were English separatists from New England. They were famous on their sailing away from Europe to New America during the early 17th century in order to search for a home where they could freely practice their Puritan style of religion and live according to their own laws. Orginally, the â€Å"Pilgrims’ are English Puritans who broke away from the Church of England because they felt that it had not completed the work of the Reformation. Because of this, they committed themselves to a life based on the Bible. Most of the members of the â€Å"Pilgrims† are the poorly educated people, farmers and people without political and social standing. (â€Å"Chapter 2: The English Transplantations – People/Term†, 2007) Consequently, the arrival of the â€Å"Pilgrims† in the New World is illustrated by the following lines below: â€Å"Being thus arrived in a good harbor, and brought safe to land, they fell upon their knees and blessed the God of Heaven, who had brought them over the vast and furious ocean, and delivered them from all the perils and miseries thereof, again to set their feet on the firm and stable earth, their proper element. † (Demos, 1971) During their stay in North America, the â€Å"Pilgrims† manifested their views on Puritanism, especially on the way they deal with one another. Through these dealings, it is found out that the repression on the Puritans was not as strongly directed against sexuality as against the expression of hostile and aggressive impulses. Moreover, this evident on the prevalent modes of family life as well as child-rearing. More specifically, the book shows that even from the very start, the family of the Plymouth Colony was nuclear. This family characteristic has been unchanged even from the beginning of their settlement. Specifically, the family consists of one couple and their own children formed the core of each household with the addition in some cases of an aged grandparent or â€Å"servant†. And during these times, the life in the households was much less segmented. However, despite this physical arrangement, the roles and responsibilities of the members of the family are almost the same as today. In this colony, there is a much tighter line of authority between the parent and the child. And the range of functions performed by the family includes material, psychological, social, and otherwise. Above all, the system of family life revolves around the fulfillment of certain basic needs as well as universal needs. These need comprise of the food, shelter and sexual release. Furthermore, the family in the Plymouth Colony setting is likened to different things and institutions. Particularly, the family is described as a â€Å"business†, â€Å"school†, â€Å"vocational institute†, the â€Å"church†, â€Å"house of correction† and as a â€Å"welfare institution†. As a business, the family is the central agency of economic production and exchange. As a school, the parents and the masters are obliged to attend to the educational needs of the children. As a vocational institute, there is a need to apply the knowledge and skills on the larger economic system. As a church, there is an obligation for â€Å"family worship†. Lastly, on the welfare institution, the family usually provides welfare services such as the presence of the hospital or even orphanage. Indeed, the findings on the book of John Demos create awareness on the true nature of the people from the Plymouth Colony. Moreover, it contributes to the strengthening on the American culture and history. In fact, it serves as one of the foundations of the family life of the American people. Undoubtedly, there is only little difference between the family of the Plymouth Colony and the modern-day American family. As such, the study of the ways and customs of the family on the Plymouth Colony proves the resemblance of families between the ancient colonies and the modern societies. Works Cited Demos, John. A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. Chapter 2: The English Transplantations – People/Term. 2 July 2007. http://www. cvhs. com/CVHS%20Inet/academics/history/apus/ch2. html.

The Draft Essay -- essays research papers

The Draft There is pending legislation in the House and Senate (twin bills: S 89 and HR 163) which will time the program's initiation so the draft can begin at early as Spring 2005 — just after the 2004 presidential election. The administration is quietly trying to get these bills passed now, while the public's attention is on the elections, so our action on this is needed immediately. $28 million has been added to the 2004 Selective Service System (SSS) budget to prepare for a military draft that could start as early as June 15, 2005. Selective Service must report to Bush on March 31, 2005 that the system, which has lain dormant for decades, is ready for activation. Please see website: www.sss.gov/perfplan_fy2004.html to view the sss annual performance plan — fiscal year 2004. The pentagon has quietly begun a public campaign to fill all 10,350 draft board positions and 11,070 appeals board slots nationwide.. Though this is an unpopular election year topic, military experts and influential members of congress are suggesting that if Rumsfeld's prediction of a "long, hard slog" in Iraq and Afghanistan [and a permanent state of war on "terrorism"] proves accurate, the U.S. may have no choice but to draft. Congress brought twin bills, S. 89 and HR 163 forward this year, entitled the Universal National Service Act of 2003, "to provide for the common defense by requiring that all young persons [age 18-26] in the United States, including women, perform a period of military service or a period of civilian service in furtherance of the national defense and homeland security, and for other purposes." These active bills currently sit in the committee on armed services. Dodging the draft will be more difficult than those from the Vietnam era. College and Canada will not be options. In December 2001, Canada and the U.S. signed a "smart border declaration," which could be used to keep would-be draft dodgers in. Signed by Canada's minister of foreign affairs, John Manley, and U.S. Homeland Security director, Tom Ridge, the declaration involves a 30-point plan which implements, among other things, a "pre-clearance agreement" of people entering and departing each country. Reforms aimed at making the draft more equitable along gender and class lines also eliminates higher education as a shelter. Underclassmen would... ...rs rather small at this point, and President Bush has stated that there will be no resumption of the draft during his presidency. Still, conditions and attitudes can change very quickly — another event of the magnitude of the September 11 attacks could prompt some rapid shifts in government policy and public opinion. Last updated: 6 October 2004 The URL for this page is http://www.snopes.com/politics/military/draft.asp Urban Legends Reference Pages  © 1995-2005 by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson This material may not be reproduced without permission. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sources: Gross, Karen. "Feel the Draft." Philadelphia City Paper. 20 September 2001. Hulse Carl. "Bill to Restore the Draft Is Defeated in the House." The New York Times. 6 October 2004. Kelly, Jack. "Rumor Aside, Draft's Return Most Unlikely." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 24 May 2004. Lindorff, Dave. "Oiling up the Draft Machine?" Salon.com. 3 November 2003. Associated Press. "Selective Service Notice Creates Flurry of Press Reports Suggesting Return of Draft." USA Today. 10 November 2003.

Menopause

IntroductionThe climacteric affects womens normal quality of life and is marked by the stoping of menses. This fact has been proved and highlighted by research workers from clip to clip. In the UK and other developed states tremendous diminution in maternal mortality, leads to increasing proportions of adult females are lasting up to the climacteric age and old ages of active life beyond it. The mean life anticipation for adult females in developed states is around 75 old ages ( Khaw, 1992 ) . Harmonizing to Rees et al figure of older people will lift because addition in life anticipation and diminution in birthrate rate ( Rees et al, 2009 ) . Majority of adult females in advanced societies experience climacteric and can anticipate to populate about 30 old ages beyond this event ( McKinlay et al, 2008 ) . This means most of adult females will confront alterations during menopausal age which includes vasomotor symptoms, sexual disfunction, psychological symptoms and the long term effects of climacteric on bone. Osteoporosis increases the hazard of break and loss of mobility which leads to dependence of others. Consultations for the climacteric are increasing with the addition population and at that place high life anticipation. Health attention professionals associated with adult females ‘s wellness, will be covering with this of all time increasing job more often. This literature reappraisal will assist trainee gynecologist, general practicians and advisers to better their apprehension of climacteric symptoms and there comparative directionAim and ObjectiveThis reappraisal article is aimed to review and better cognition of trainee gynecologists, general practicians and advisers covering with menopausal adult females. An effort is made to simplify the basic constructs in climacteric based on critical analysis of best available grounds. Method The completed reappraisal article was sent to five gynecologists who have interested in climacteric for equal reappraisal and feedback. These included specializer registrars, advisers, and general practicians. The feedback questionnaires include inquiries about content, relevancy to targeted audience and utility in pattern. The quality graduated table with five point response options from ‘1 for hapless ‘ through to ‘5 for excellent ‘ was used. The free text inquiries about countries for betterment and airing of this article were besides included. The feedback signifiers were collected and analysed anonymously. In the reflection subdivision, thoughts and suggestions from equal reappraisal forms the nucleus treatment.Literature reappraisalWhat is Menopause? The climacteric is defined as the surcease of the catamenial rhythm and is caused by ovarian failure. The term is derived from the Greek meno, intending month, and intermission, intending an stoping. ( Rees et al 2009 ) . The perimenopause includes the period get downing with the first characteristics of nearing climacteric and ends 1 twelvemonth after the last catamenial period. Menopausal passage is period of clip of the perimenopause that ends with the concluding catamenial period ( Burger et al, 2002 ) . What happens ( biological science of climacteric ) ? The biological science underlying the passage to menopause includes cardinal neuroendocrine alterations every bit good as alterations within the ovary, the most contact of which is a profound diminution in follicle Numberss ( Burger et al, 2002 ) . The entire Numberss of oocyte are maximum at intrauterine life. The entire figure of germ cells appears to lift steadily, around 600,000 at 2 months which making a extremum of 6,800,000 at 5 month. By the clip of birth, the figure of oocyte will worsen. In newborn babies around 100,000 oocytes remains and at the age of 7 old ages merely 300,000 oocytes survives ( Baker, 1963 ) . The figure of follicles lessenings with increased age, alteration occurs when figure of follicle falls to the critical figure of 25,000 at age 37.5 old ages. The figure of follicle reduced to around 1000 at 51 old ages and it was adopted as the menopausal threshold because it corresponds to the average age of climacteric in the general population ( Faddy et al, 199 2 ) . In one survey it was demonstrated that figure of follicle was 10-fold higher in normal flowing adult females than that in perimenopausal adult females. Follicles were virtually absent in the postmenopausal ovaries ( Richardson et al, 1987 ) . Menopause is triggered by the figure of ovarian follicles falling below a threshold figure and is irreversible because oogonial root cells disappear after birth ( Faddy et al, 1992 ) . When it happens? In one survey it is demonstrated that the mean age at natural climacteric was 51.4 old ages. If the climacteric occurs in a adult female who is less than 45 old ages of age, it is known as premature climacteric ( have to happen out ) . Smoke, lower educational attainment and nonemployment were related to earlier age at natural climacteric and anterior usage of unwritten preventives and para were associated with ulterior age at climacteric ( Gold, et Al, 2001 ) . What are the common symptoms of climacteric? In climacteric, there is decrease in production of oestrogen and addition in degree of gonadotrophin. Follicular exciting endocrine gets addition in circulation and lessening in degree of oestradiol and inhibin B ( Burger et al, 2002 ) . Therefore during the climacteric diminution in the degree of oestrogen, can do a figure of symptoms. The major menopausal symptoms are hot flowers, dark workout suits and urogenital symptoms, including vaginal waterlessness, loss of lubrication with sexual intercourse, and urinary frequence ( Farrell 2003 ) . Some symptoms are discussed in item below ; Vasomotor symptoms Hot flowers and dark workout suits are the primary and most common symptoms of climacteric. Hot flowers have great variableness in their frequence and badness in adult females ; they may prevail for several months or last for 10 old ages ( Utian, WH, 2005 ) . Hot flowers are episodes of inappropriate heat loss mediated by cutaneal vasodilatation over the upper bole ( Rees et al, 2009 ) . Vasomotor symptoms are extremely prevailing in most societies. The prevalence of these symptoms varies widely and may be influenced by a scope of factors, including clime, diet, lifestyle, adult females ‘s functions, and attitudes sing the terminal of generative life and aging. Forms in hot flush prevalence were evident for menopausal phases and, to a lesser grade, for regional fluctuation ( Freeman et al, 2007 ) . Urogenital wasting and urinary incontinency Atrophic alterations occur in the vulva, vagina, urethra and vesica subsequent to oestrogen want ( Iosif, 1992 ) . This changes leads to cut down sexual activity. The oestrogen receptors decline in the vaginal mucous membrane after the climacteric, Cavallini survey shows ER as dominant oestrogen receptor in the human vagina and no significant difference has been seen in its look between pre-menopausal and post-menopausal groups. While a diminution of the ER & A ; szlig ; mRNA degree has been found in the post-menopausal adult females merely. Therefore, Oestrogen receptors ne'er disappear wholly and, in response to exogenic oestrogens, the figure of receptors in the vagina can return to pre-menopausal degrees ( Cavallini et al, 2008 ) . Therefore, this activation of oestrogen receptors produces an addition in vaginal secernments and epithelial proliferation and vascularization taking to glycogen deposition and a decrease in vaginal pH due to higher lactic acid production ( Galhardo et al, 2006 ) . Some symptoms of urogenital wasting are listed in Table 1. Psychological Symptom Depressed temper, anxiousness, crossness, temper swings are symptoms associated with climacteric ( Freeman et al, 2008 ) . There is grounds of increased hazard for developing depression. Depression during the perimenopause may hold a significant impact on personal, household and professional domains of life ( Cohen et al, 2005 ) . Womans are at a higher hazard than work forces to develop depression. Menopausal passage is associated with higher hazard for new oncoming and perennial depression. Ovarian endocrines modulate 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline neurotransmission, a procedure that may be associated with implicit in pathophysiological procedures involved in the outgrowth of depressive symptoms during periods of hormonal fluctuation in biologically predisposed subpopulations ( Frey et al, 2008 ) . In one survey following psychological symptoms were included ; ( Greene, 2008 ) . The psychological symptoms are listed in Table 2. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass, micro architectural impairment of bone tissue taking to heighten bone breakability and a attendant addition in break hazard ( Consensus Development Conference, 1991 ) . The authoritative osteoporotic breaks are hep, vertebral and wrist breaks. These osteoporotic breaks such as hip breaks have a really high morbidity and mortality. The life-time hazard of any osteoporotic break is really high and lies within the scope of 40-50 % in adult females and 13-22 % for work forces. Fractures happening at a site associated with low BMD and which addition in incidence after the age of 50 old ages ( Johnell and Kanis, 2005 ) . Dementia and Cognitive map Harmonizing to one survey grounds suggests that oestrogen failure associated with climacteric and station climacteric, which is related to cognitive and affectional upsets and to increased hazard of Alzheimer ‘s disease ( Solerte et al, 1999 ) . A gradual diminution in cognitive maps is portion of the normal aging procedure. However, pronounced confusion, freak out, memory loss and other alterations may signal a underdeveloped dementedness. A broad assortment of upsets can do dementedness like Alzheimer disease, vascular dementedness and dementedness with Lewy organic structures ( Rees et al, 2009 ) . Alzheimer disease is the most common type of dementedness and is characterized by memory loss, confusion and cognitive shortages ( ) . Oestrogen influences memory, knowledge and attenuates the extent of cell decease ensuing from encephalon hurts ( Wise et al, 2001 ) . Several surveies suggested that oestrogen is indispensable for optimum encephalon maps as oestrogen has been shown to increase intellectual blood flow, act as an anti-inflammatory agent, and enhance activity at neural synapses ( Behl, 2002 ) . Which are the interventions for menopausal symptoms? Onlyone in 10women seeks medical advice when they go through the climacteric, and many do non necessitate any intervention. However, if your menopausal symptoms are terrible plenty to interfere with your day-to-day life, there are interventions that can assist. Treatment for vasomotor symptoms Hormone replacing therapy is extremely effectual in relieving hot flowers and dark workout suits. In one systematic reappraisal 21 surveies, continuance from 3 month to 3 old ages were included with 2511 participants. There was a important decrease of strength and frequence of hot flowers in the HRT group compared to placebo group was observed ( Maclennan et al, 2001 ) . Patches, gels and implants have been found to cut down hot flowers with the same grade of efficaciousness as unwritten therapy ( Farrell 2003 ) . One randomised test demonstrates that black baneberry used in isolation or in a multibotanical merchandise helps in alleviation of vasomotor symptoms ( Newton et al, 2006 ) . In one dual blind, randomised, parallel group, outpatient, multicenter survey entire 177 postmenopausal adult females were sing five or more hot flowers per twenty-four hours were randomized to have either soy isoflavone infusion or placebo. Decreases in the incidence and badness of hot flowers occurred every bit shortly as 2 hebdomads in the soy group, whereas the placebo group experienced no alleviation for the first 4 hebdomads. Soy isoflavone infusion has effectual in cut downing frequence and badness of flowers and supply an attractive add-on to the picks available for alleviation of hot flowers. ( Upmalis et al, 2000 ) . Treatment for Urogenital wasting and urinary incontinency Oestrogen therapy is first pick of intervention for urogenital wasting ( Palacios, 2009 ) . A meta-analysis of surveies of oestrogen therapy demonstrated that, oestrogen is efficacious in the intervention of urogenital wasting. Low-dose vaginal oestradiol readyings are every bit effectual as systemic oestrogen therapy in the intervention of urogenital wasting in postmenopausal adult females ( Cardozo et al, 1998 ) . Oestrogen pick 1 or 2 times/week may forestall return after symptoms are resolved ( Laurie, 2001 ) . In one reappraisal it was concluded, that oestrogen given consistently or locally in all dose regimen is effectual, but topical vaginal application entirely is preferable if systematic intervention is non needed ( Palacios, 2009 ) . Cochrane systematic reappraisal besides concluded that vaginal oestrogen reduces the figure of urinary piece of land infections in postmenopausal adult females ‘s, with perennial urinary piece of land infection ( Perrotta et al, 2008 ) . Vaginal lubricators and moisturizers are besides helpful ; it provides longer alleviation by altering the unstable content of endometrium and take downing vaginal pH. Womans with contraindications to ERT-HRT could utilize lubricators for intercourse-related waterlessness or moisturizers for more uninterrupted alleviation ( Laurie, 2001 ) . Lubricants are impermanent steps to alleviate vaginal waterlessness during intercourse and moisturizers give longer diagnostic alleviation ( Palacios, 2009 ) . Agrimony, black baneberry, chaste tree, dong quai, enchantress Pomaderris apetala, and phytoestrogens are utile to cut down the vaginal waterlessness and dyspareunia but no grounds exists to back up these specific claims ( Laurie, 2001 ) . Treatment for psychological symptom Transdermal oestradiol, serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants are efficacious in the intervention of depression in diagnostic midlife adult females ( Frey et al, 2008 ) . There is deficient grounds that HT improves temper, depression and other temper symptoms ( Farrell 2003 ) . Socioculture and household factors are more of import in the aetiology of mental unwellness in menopausal adult females ; in such instances antidepressants are more effectual than oestrogen therapy ( Ballinger, 1990 ) . Treatment for osteoporosis Oestrogen therapy is the drug of pick for forestalling bone loss in menopausal adult females. Women ‘s Health Initiative ( WHI ) survey reported important decrease in the hazard of clinical breaks in a population-based sample of healthy postmenopausal adult females aged 50-79 old ages. In this big randomized controlled test, 16 608 adult females were recruited to the oestrogen-plus-progestogen arm of the survey. Treatment consisted, of one day-to-day tablet incorporating conjugated equine estrogen ( CEE ) , 0.625 milligram, and Provera ethanoate ( MPA ) , 2.5 mg. Trial were stopped with average follow-up period of 5.2 twelvemonth. In this survey, a important decrease was demonstrated in clinical vertebral and non-vertebral breaks, including hip breaks ( WHI, 2002 ) . Calcitonin besides helps by diminishing farther bone loss at vertebral and femoral sites. Orally administered bisphosphonates cut down bone loss and the incidence of vertebral malformation in patients with establis hed postmenopausal osteoporosis. In menopausal adult females adequate Ca consumption is necessary. A minimal consumption of 800 milligram of calcium day-to-day is recommended for all grownups. Fluoride, anabolic steroids and parathyroid endocrine stimulate bone formation. Vitamin D lack increases the hazard of hep break ; hence vitamin D lack should be prevented and treated ( Consensus Development Conference, 1991 ) . Treatment for Dementia and Cognitive map One survey demonstrates that oestrogen plus progestin therapy increased the hazard for likely dementedness in postmenopausal adult females aged 65 old ages or older and did non forestall mild cognitive damage in these adult females ( Shumaker et al, 2003 ) . There are no dependable informations to demo the benefit of oestrogen replacing therapy on dementedness with regard to knowledge, bar or hold in development of Alzheimer dementedness ( Mulnard et al, 2000 ) . Womans are more likely to be dietetic addendum and natural redress, phytoestrogens ; peculiarly isoflavones have protective effects in these conditions. Hormone Replacement Therapy ( HRT ) Hormone replacing therapy ( HRT ) is effectual in handling several of the most common menopausal symptoms, including hot flowers and dark workout suits, vaginal symptoms and cystitis. The chief indicant for HRT usage in postmenopausal adult females remains the alleviation of menopausal symptoms. Treatment for up to 5 old ages does non add important life clip hazard but little addition in hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease after long-run therapy ( Skouby et al, 2005 ) . Hormone replacing therapy consists of an oestrogen with progestin. Oestrogen therapy on day-to-day footing with a progestin either cyclically or continuously are being used in non-hysterectomized adult females. After hysterectomy it is usual to order oestrogen entirely ( Farrell, 2003 ) . Testosterone therapy is given to immature adult females traveling through a premature climacteric and to adult females who exhibit symptoms of testosterone lack ( Farrell 2003 ) . Tibolone is a steroid compound structurally related to 19-nortestosterone derived functions ( such as norethisterone ) , which exhibits a attendant weak estrogenic, progestational, and androgenic activity. Tibolone is described as a tissue-specific therapy because of its mechanisms of action, a classical receptor response, enzyme suppression within the chest and womb and specific local metamorphosis as in the womb. It is metabolized to three metabolites, with the 3a- and 3 & A ; szlig ; – hydroxytibolone metabolites working merely by adhering to the oestrogen receptor and hence holding oestrogen-like actions, and the? 4 isomer holding Lipo-Lutin and androgen-like actions but no oestrogen action ( Palacios, 2001 ) . The paths of disposal of endocrines ( for HRT ) that are available are unwritten, Transdermal, hypodermic, vaginal, intramuscular, intrauterine, buccal and intranasal. There are besides many different types of oestrogen, including oestradiol, theelin, oestriol and conjugated equid oestrogen readyings, and progestin such as micronized Lipo-Lutin, dydrogestrone, norethisterone, Provera ethanoate, levonorgestrel and other newer progestogens ( Farrell 2003 ) . The hazard and benefits of HRTs are listed in Table 3. Extra Information How will this article aid you in pattern? Are there any countries in which you would hold liked to see more item? How can this article be improved farther? Menopause The term â€Å"menopause† technically refers to the cessation of menstruation, while the broader range of menopause symptoms, often associated with the gradual ending of ovarian function, is called â€Å"climacterium.† Some accounts of the climacterium imply that all of the positive aspects of being a woman are now ended; many women perceive this to be the case.   (Sheldon J. Segal Ph. D., Luigi D. Mastroianni Jr., M, 2003). Menopause normally occurs to women between the ages of forty and fifty-five, although technically menopause can also occur earlier if the ovaries begin to malfunction. This leads to declining levels of progesterone and estrogen, although there can be temporary increases of these hormones as the pituitary attempts to have the body compensate for the lower hormones produced by the ovaries. Gradually, though, the hormones achieve a stable, but very low level, menstrual cycles stop, and ova are no longer produced. This gradual decline in hormones begins in the late twenties although the final cessation of menstruation does not generally occur until the forties or fifties. After menopause, estrogen levels are on the average about one-sixth of that of a premenopausal woman and production of progesterone also shows a substantial drop. Androgen levels, however, are relatively unaffected, although they show a gradual decline.   (Sheldon J. Segal Ph. D., Luigi D. Mastroianni Jr., M, 2003). A wide range of physical and emotional changes have been associated with menopause. The group of menopausal women reports a relatively high number of physical symptoms such as hot flashes and cold sweats. However, menopausal women did not report a consistently higher incidence of psychological symptoms. Although for some symptoms the percentages listed for menopausal women are very high (e.g., 78 percent report depression), the percentages are essentially no higher than those listed at most other ages. In fact, adolescents reported the highest incidence of many psychological symptoms commonly attributed to women experiencing menopause. After menopause, women exhibit a variety of body changes, but it is unclear if such symptoms are a result of having undergone menopause itself or if they reflect the effects of aging. Among these effects are: drying of skin tissues; weakening of muscles; decreased immunity to disease; bones becoming more brittle; shrinking of the breasts; and thinning of the vaginal walls. Also, even though sexual functioning is affected (the vaginal walls become thinner and thus more prone to infections and vaginal lubrication necessary to sexual intercourse is reduced), many women report feeling continued or increased interest in sex. Finally, some women react to menopause with depression, though the risk of developing an affective disorder during menopause does not seem to be as high as many think.   (Sheldon J. Segal Ph. D., Luigi D. Mastroianni Jr., M, 2003). The symptoms associated with the climacterium, as with the correlates of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy can be attributed to a variety of biological and psychological factors. Along with the hormonal changes of menopause and the general effects of aging, middle age is time when mothers find their direct maternal role is over, with the adulthood of their children being reached. It is also accompanied by fears of loss of beauty and concern over the deaths of parents and other loved ones. Marital difficulties may also emerge. All these factors may also be causal elements in the depression so often related to menopause, as well as some of the physiological symptoms.   (Molly Siple, Deborah Gordon, 2001). One of the major theories of the underlying cause of postmenopausal and menopausal symptoms is that they are produced by the withdrawal of estrogen from the woman's body. Many of the physiological symptoms discussed earlier can be seen as opposites of the general effects of estrogen upon the body. Also, some research suggests that postmenopausal symptoms can be relieved by the administration of estrogen. It does seem plausible that direct physiological symptoms could be aided with hormone therapy, but this will do little for psychological symptoms. It is less clear that a depressed middle-aged woman should be given estrogen when the possibility of negative side effects has not been ruled out and when depression could well have psychological rather than biological reasons. These are complicated issues and there are no easy answers. The estrogen might well have the effect of making a woman look and feel younger, which might in turn relieve her depression, but are the risks worth this possibility? The medical profession is currently in controversy about the increased risks of cancer as a result of estrogen-replacement therapy. (Molly Siple, Deborah Gordon, 2001). References Molly Siple, Deborah Gordon (2001). Menopause the Natural Way; John Wiley & Sons Sheldon J. Segal Ph. D., Luigi D. Mastroianni Jr., M. (2003). Hormone Use in Menopause & Male Andropause: A Choice for Women and Men; Oxford University Press

Analysis of a Poem Essay

Andrew Marvell’s poem To His Coy Mistress gives the reader a chance to delve into the mind of the narrator as he tells of his love for his mistress. This seems to be a simple enough theme, and indeed poets have been sounding out their barbaric yawps for quite some time over this issue of love, but what is so intriguing and memorable about Marvell’s take on love is how romantic it is (romantic in the romance way and not in the Romantic time period of poetry). He gives more of a narrative account of his love instead of the more fantastical accounts which accompany any number of Poe’s poems to his ‘lost Lenore’ or even of a less stable vision of beauty that Rimbaud portends to in his Barbarian poem. Marvell’s take on romance and love is a very elegant poem; in this essay Marvell’s elegant style and the way in which he sets the scene with concrete and realistic details will be given strict attention along with the metaphor and use of allusion. To begin with, Marvell introduces the reader to the subject of the poem even before the poem is begun. He applies the adjective ‘coy’ to his mistress which is a word full of connotations. With this word in mind in describing his mistress the reader is left to wonder why the woman is coy, or what makes her or causes her to be this way. Already the reader’s mind is a race toward an explanation of the woman. Thus, Marvell has succeeded in creating an air of mystery around the object of his affection and thereby placing an enigmatic tone to the poem even before one has read the first line. In typical romance fashion Marvell begins his poem with turn of the line which expresses things that are not but if they were he states what he and his love would do, Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, lady, were no crime. (Marvell line 1-2). The word coy derives in part from the word coquettish which is a French word used to describe gaining the affections of the opposite sex for personal gratification. Thus, it would seem that Marvell is painting out the object of his desire to be a woman who has a lot of vanity and wishes to conquer his heart. Thus, the poem sets itself up to connotative notions of hedonism. This is states because the woman wants the older man’s affections for no other reason except to have them: She does not desire his affections for love or money or any personal gain except for her own vanity. Thus, the lines stating if they â€Å"had†¦but world enough† (Marvell line 1) then her coyness would be more highly permitted and not a ‘crime’. Perhaps Marvell included this bit about ‘crime’ because typically prostitutes are the ones who use coquettish techniques to acquire the attention of potential clients and thus the woman’s coyness is associated with sexual hedonism. Whatever the cause of the coyness (employment of pure ego) it is clear that the narrator does not mind the attention. Although, another take on this notion of being coy could have more to do with the time period in which Marvell wrote the poem (1650)– during which a woman was typically shy and not forward while in male company and therefore this brave act of ‘flirting’ caught the poet off guard. Continuing on with the narrative part of the story, Marvell further suggests in his poem what he and the young woman would venture out into their world and do: We would sit down, and think which way To walk, and pass our long love’s day. Thou by the Indian Ganges’ side Should’st rubies find: I by the tide (Marvell lines 3-6). Here Marvell gives a glimpse of his homeland’s exploration into the world and names exotic location by which these two could walk (or love by). Mainly, exploration was done in the East and this exotic atmosphere perhaps pairs well with how brazenly the mistress is flirting with the narrator. Thus, Marvell is coupling the woman with the landscape by which he thinks she could better flourish- a place where being coy is not considered a crime. Thereby does Marvell transport this moment into a more exotic locale which further supports the idea that the poet is a romantic in the sense of wooing. To further illustrate Marvell’s romantic nature he states, Love you ten years before the flood And you should, if you please, refuse Till the conversion of the Jews (Marvell lines 8-10). This again refers to having a world of there own in which apparently time and space do not exist in any rational form or according to physical laws of nature which would allow Marvell to have loved this woman since Noah’s fated flood (again, support for the romance of the poem). The last line of this part makes reference to the Jews – a reference which alludes to the manner in which Marvell would love this mistress. That is to say that he would love her in the same strict fashion that the Jews never converted to Christianity despite the Inquisition which was a time period that at the writing of this poem had ended a hundred or years earlier but a memory that was still fervently in the minds of the people of Europe. Marvell connotes many religious themes in this poem that help to show his knowledge of religion which further creates an atmosphere to the poem (perhaps Marvell is even stating that he will love this woman in a platonic fashion or nonsexual way until they are married as the Bible suggests should happen between man and wife). This idea of physical love and abstinence from sex until marriage carries further into the poem as Marvell states, My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires, and more slow; (Marvell lines 11-12) This concept of vegetable love means that Marvell will love this woman for her self instead of for her sex. This is derived from the fact that Marvell suggests a vegetable love rather than a fruit love – fruits have a long association with sex and sexual passions and because Marvell chose to not allude to fruit but to vegetable (meaning vegetative perhaps and therefore dormant, or rather, latent sexual activity or sex after marriage) in order to support his proclamation of saving sex for marriage. Also, vegetables are a deep root plant which further illustrates Marvell desires to love this woman with a deep love not a purely fleshy love. If then Marvell is looking for a more lasting relationship with this woman it is no wonder that in lines 13 through 18 he expresses such a love through ages. Although the reader has already been exposed to the type of ageless love Marvell silently promises this woman with the flood (an antiquarian allusion) he further tells of an ageless bond between himself and this woman as well as the magnitude of this love with the following lines, An hundred years should go to praise Thine eyes, and on they forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast, But thirty thousand to the rest; An age at least to every part, And the last age should show your heart (Marvell lines 13-18). In these lines also, Marvell seems to telling of his hopes for this union. He desires a woman who has a true heart and therefore is not only interested in sex. He wants a beloved who will stay by him in old age as well as in their youth. Marvell seems to be placing a lot of emphasis on carnal pleasure versus what he perceives to be a more pure form of love. Albeit both will exist in his relationship with this woman should they get married, what Marvell truly wants out of this relationship is a lasting companion. His many allusions to time seem to fit with this theory fairly well considering he mentioned loving her until the apocalypse (it is said that the Jews will not convert to Christianity until the end of the world which is when Marvell professed he would love this woman). However, it seems that Marvell has a change of heart toward the last lines of the poem when he seemingly begs the girl for sexual gratification. Thus, the poem itself presents a timeframe of the poet’s thoughts leading from love to sex and back again. It seems that while Marvell desires a chaste union he also requires a more carnal pleasure right away. There may be something rather male delivered in the lines â€Å"Time’s winged chariot hurrying near† (Marvell line 25) which speaks to not wanting to waste any more time being strangers but to gain union together. Thus, despite the poem’s romantic notions the poet’s theme remains clear – pleasure and passion and love. Works Cited Cullen, Patrick. Imitation and Metamorphosis: The Golden-Age Eclogue in Spenser, Milton, and Marvell. PMLA Vol. 84, NO. 6 (Oct. 1969) 1559-1570. Hogan, Patrick G. Marvell’s ‘Vegetable Love’. Studies in Philology, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Jan. 1963) 1-11. Hyman, Lawrence W. Politics and Poetry in Andrew Marvell. PMLA, Vol. 73, No. 5 Part 1. (Dec. 1958) 475-479. Legouis, Pierre. Andrew Marvell: Further Biographical Points. The Modern Language Review. Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct. 1923), 416-426. Summers, Joseph H. Marvell’s ‘Nature’. EHL. Vol. 20, No. 2 (June 1953) 121-135. Tolliver, Harold. The Critical Reprocessing of Andrew Marvell. ELH, vol. 47, no. 1 (Spring 1980) 180-203.

Steampunk

Steampunk Steampunk Steampunk By Maeve Maddox My introduction to the term steampunk came when I read what I thought was a mystery with a historical setting and came to the part where Queen Victoria was hooked up to a steam-powered life-support machine. You’d better believe that I flipped frantically to the back cover to find a clue to what I was actually reading. There I discovered the word steampunk. Steampunk is a subgenre of science fiction. The setting is often 19th century England or the American Wild West; there the characters encounter amazing steam-powered machinery. According to Wikipedia, the word steampunk originated in the late 1980s â€Å"as a tongue-in- cheek variant of cyberpunk.† Yes, I had to look up the meaning of cyberpunk: a subgenre of science fiction typified by a bleak, high-tech setting in which a lawless subculture exists within an oppressive society dominated by computer technology. Sci-fi author K.W. Jeter coined the term â€Å"steam-punk† for sci-fi that resembled the speculative fiction written in the 19th century by H.G. Wells and Jules Verne. The genre now includes settings beyond recognizable historical periods, but in dialogue and costuming, the feel is still â€Å"Victorian.† On the screen, Wild Wild West, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, and the two Robert Downey Jr. Sherlock Holmes movies are typical of the steampunk genre. The literary genre has spawned a subculture called â€Å"the steampunk lifestyle† which blends Victorian design and clothing with modern technology. Practitioners shop at second-hand stores, wear suspenders, vests, and corsets (outside their clothing). They carry pocket watches and disguise their cell phones and laptops as Victorian artifacts. The steampunk lifestyle seems to be a kind of genteel back-to-basics hybrid that embraces technology while rejecting consumerism. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)36 Poetry Terms25 Idioms About Bread and Dessert