Cause and Effect Essay Essay

About 70% of the couples who get married take the decision of getting divorce. Divorce is one of the most serious social problems in the modern world. It has become very common recently, and it affects all levels of society. In the past, divorce was quite rare. Today, however, a majority of marriages break up in the first few years. When involved in a divorce lack of communication, infidelity, and financial problems are the causes to provoke a couple to split apart and take their lives into different path. To begin with one significant cause that leads to a divorce is lack of communication. Many couples stop communicating with each other because each one is busy doing their own things in life whether it is work, hobbies, raising children, activities, among other things. A lot of couples have different job schedules not allowing them to see each other most of the day. When they finally get to see each other is at night and unfortunately they are both tired and they just go to sleep. Since the time that they live together is not enough, the couples find it hard to find time to communicate with each other due to having a busy life and for lack of energy. Also, many married people have poor communication because they do not know how to express their feelings to their partner. Marriage cannot be a successful relationship if either one does not discuss about his/her emotions or issues, and expects their partner to guess what the whole problem is about. Finally, most couples just do actions i nstead of using words. Married couples think that they do not need to express their love for each other verbally and that only providing for the house is sufficient to know that they care and love each other. Many people think that because they provide things from the home like food, pay bills, take care of the house, etc. they do not have any other problems and they live with happiness. Unfortunately, it just makes the couple weaker ending in a divorce. Its quite clear that the less communication that is used in a marriage, the more higher divorce rates. Furthermore, infidelity in a marriage can be devastating, and most of the time leads to divorce. Boredom in a relationship is not a good idea if couples want a successful marriage. Partners who do not challenge each other with enough excitement to keep the relationship interesting cheat. The desire for self-expansion can lead a husband or wife to be aware of opportunities outside of the marriage, opening the door to infidelity. Spouses do not communicate their desires for growth, and they feel the need to cheat. In addition, many couples can cheat using social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace etc. Social network is one of the most common causes of infidelity in married couples. Today, everyone can have a computer or phone that they can access to internet making it way easier to meet new people. Many couples have many jealously problems when they found out that their spouse has being talking or going out on dates with different women/men. Most married couples cannot forgive their spouse of infidelity, leading to an unfortunate divorce. Lastly, multiple sex partners before marriage can lead to infidelity. Many people when they get married think that they will change and stay with just one sex partner, but the truth is that they find it really hard to keep their promise. This can lead to a sense of loss, betrayal, unwelcome memories and other problems. These can affect a marriage later on. After a couple of months they feel satisfied with their spouse, but when the time keep passing they cannot be with just one person, and there is when infidelity takes place in a relationship. After infidelity most or all the trust is lost; not having any other option then the divorce in marriages. Finally, a cause of divorce are financial issues. Money or aspects related to it are of course a possible cause of disagreement between couples. For example, couples that live paycheck to paycheck deal with stress from the pressure of making enough money to survive and provide the family with necessities. If the bills get behind it could start an argument between the two and that on top of being behind with bills can be overwhelming causing more stress, which leads to an unhealthy relationship. For instance, many married couples go into debt. Many couples when they do not have money to pay something tend to use credit cards, but many people end abusing them. They say I will buy it now and I will pay it later. Unfortunately, bills do not stop from coming and when people less expect it they cannot get out of debt. This situation builds up stress between the couples not knowing how to get out of it, and just blaming each other without finding a solution. Finally, gender differences of how they see their financial problems can cause a divorce. For most males when it comes to money is to provide for their family. They like to carry this burden. For most females, their need is to make sure the family is provided for. Problems starts to show when the husband might work longer to provide, but the wife thinks his work is his top priority over family. The husband sees it just the opposite. For some husbands, just because they are working hard, it doesn’t mean they love their jobs more than their families. Obviously, too much work can cause the relationship to suffer. Economic problems can cause a disaster in a marriage, not having other option for the couples then the divorce. Clearly, divorce is a serious issue that can happen to anyone due to cheating, economic problems, and poor communication. Before taking the big step of marriage every couple has to think about all the things that imply being married. Couples should consider living in free union for a short time before getting married, by doing this, you can meet your partner well before making an important decision that can have a huge impact on every couple’s life. The cause of divorce are lamentable and all couples should try to consider them if they want to have a healthy and successful relationship and avoid falling during marriage.

Cyp 3.7

CYP 3. 7:Understand how to support positive outcomes for children and young people 1. 1 Describe the social, economic and cultural factors that will impact on the lives of children and young people. There are many factors that can have an impact on young people’s lives but the three main factors that I’ve chosen to consider in this assignment are social, cultural and economic. Social Factors One of the major social factors, which can impact on the outcomes and life chances of young people is neglect.Without proper guidance in life children cannot learn what society regards as acceptable behaviour and if a child is being neglected they won’t understand that what they are experiencing is not normal behaviour. They may react to situations in a way that is acceptable within their home environment but which is certainly not acceptable in wider society. This behaviour can in turn have an adverse effect on the child’s education as they overstep boundaries, are di sruptive and disobedient and may end up getting suspended from school.Neglect in the child’s home environment can mean that they find it hard to make friendships in life as they are not used to other company and are naturally distrustful. If a child suffers from a disability or illness they may have to miss a lot of school, which can have a major impact on their education and they may fall behind. The child may struggle to make friendships, as they are not on the same level as their peers. This can lead the child to feeling very isolated and cause feelings of anger and resentment, which can then lead to behavioural problems.Economic Factors Poverty is a factor, which can have a major impact on children’s lives, as their parents may not be able to afford proper food and this can lead the child to suffer from malnutrition. If a child is not getting the nutrition that they require, they’ll suffer from a lack of concentration and their schoolwork will likely deterio rate. A side effect of poverty is not being able to afford adequate housing. People on low incomes cannot usually afford mortgages and so often live in poorer social housing, this can have several disadvantages for their children.Social housing can often be small and crowded and make it difficult for children to find sufficient space to complete homework, causing them to fall behind in their education. People who rely on social housing don’t often get to chose the area in which they live in so they may end up staying in an area where it is not safe for the children to go out or indeed anywhere for them to play, therefore the children will not be able to form friendships and may feel isolated.In some cases the child’s living conditions may be very poor and dampness and a lack of affordable heating may cause health problems such as asthma, resulting in them having to take time off school and missing out on their education. Cultural Factors One of the main cultural factor s is that of religious beliefs. Children with different religious beliefs follow specific customs and often attend particular schools where they only meet children who are being brought up with the same beliefs.This enforced isolation may mean that children may struggle to understand other people’s lifestyle when they interact with them and they may therefore find it hard to make relationships with other people. Children can often be discriminated against because of their different beliefs leading to feelings of isolation and victimisation. Although each of the previously mentioned individual factors may have the same outcomes, without support and intervention their effects can continue over the years and lead families into a vicious cycle of mistrust and despair.As care workers we must work closely with the families to assist and help as best as we can. 1. 2 Explain the importance and impact of poverty on outcomes and life chances for children and young people In my role as a classroom assistant I feel that the factor, which has the most severe impact is poverty. Poverty is becoming one of the biggest concerns within the UK with a recent survey showing that the government spends at least ? 25billion a year trying to alleviate child poverty.The limitations placed on children who grow up in poverty often results in poorer academic qualifications, lower job prospects and reduced expectations. 1. 3 Explain the role of children and young people’s personal choices and experiences on their outcomes and life chances As individuals we all have the right to make our own choices, unfortunately some of the choices we make can have a negative impact on our life. Children who come from low-income families often live in rural areas where there is a higher crime rate.These children subsequently end up hanging around with people who have a negative influence on them and getting involved in criminal activities, drugs and alcohol. Children are making personal choi ces from an early age, when they go to nursery they decide which toys to play with or who they make their friends. Some children can be louder and more boisterous than others and may display unwanted behaviour; other children will copy this behaviour thinking that it is acceptable and become disruptive in turn.As a care worker it is my responsibility to teach the children which behaviours are acceptable and which are not, if the child is being naughty they will be put in â€Å"time out† to teach them that the behaviour they were displaying is unacceptable. 2. 1Identify the positive outcomes for children and young people that practitioners should be striving to achieve As a care practitioner I place the needs of the children at the top of my work. Children respect care workers who can relate to them, communicate well with them and who enjoy working with them.I and the other classroom assistants in my school are committed to ensuring that all children have the chance to enjoy a nd achieve, to be healthy, to stay safe and to make a positive contribution and experience economic well-being. Within school we encourage children to eat healthily, we provide healthy meals and snacks for break and lunch and children are encouraged to drink water rather than fizzy drinks. Within the school setting we ensure that the child is kept safe and we continuously promote children’s welfare and ensure that we take all ecessary steps to reduce the spread of infection. It is necessary to ensure that the children are kept safe so we need to ensure that the level of staffing is appropriate. The environment in which I work, and the equipment provided for the children, must be appropriate for their age level in order to ensure development at the proper rate. 2. 2 Explain the importance of designing services around the needs of children and young people Children are unique and as a care practitioner it is my responsibility to ensure that every child’s needs are catere d for individually.It is essential to establish what their needs are, so that they can be met correctly and this can be done by liasing with parents, carers, and professionals such as GPs, speech therapists and occupational therapists in observing the child’s progress. 2. 3 Explain the importance of active participation of children and young people in decisions affecting their lives It is important that children have a say in what is happening throughout their lives, no matter what age. We must value the child’s views, thoughts and opinions in order to give the child a sense of belonging and control of their life and well-being.It is important that children learn the process of decision-making and what consequences can come from the decisions they have made and how to deal with them. As a care worker I work with children to try and help them to make the right decisions; if however they choose to make a decision that is not acceptable, for example to hit another child o r throw something, they will be asked to â€Å"take time out† and think about what they have done, only when they are ready to say sorry for their actions are they allowed to come back and join their friends.This process is to help children at an early age learn what is right from wrong. 2. 4 Explain how to support children and young people according to their age, needs and ability to make personal choices and experiences that have a positive impact on their lives Every child is different and as they grow up their needs change. When working with children it is important that we allow them to express their thoughts, views and opinions and most importantly that we listen to them.We may not always agree with their views or opinions but as a classroom assistant I work closely with the children’s parents and the child to try and come to a compromise and explain a different path to the child, always stressing that we are only trying to do what is best for them. 3. 1 Explain the potential impact of disability on the outcomes and life chances of children and young people Children who suffer from a physical impairment or require special requirements are no different than other children, they are just more dependent on their carers.Children may have an impairment which gives rise to disability. A child can have a sensory impairment, which can involve either a loss of hearing or restricted vision. A physical impairment or learning difficulty may occur due to a result of genetic inheritance, an accident or disease or due to complications before or during birth. Some children may have difficulty with emotional or social development, lack of communication and interaction and behaviour problems. Children who experience any of these difficulties often suffer from autism.There are both positive and negative outcomes for children with a disability. Children with physical impairments don’t have a strong immune system therefore their health won’t be as healthy and they may have to miss a lot of school which obviously will have a detrimental effect on their education and future career aspects. Children with a disability can have poor self-esteem as they feel they’re not as capable as other children; they can find it hard to communicate with their peers and may feel isolated and unwanted.As a classroom assistant it is important that my co-workers and I focus on what the children can do rather on what they can’t achieve. By adjusting the environment in which the child learns in and making it suitable for the child’s needs and providing appropriate facilities and resources it allows the child to feel confident and learn new skills. Don’t think of children with a disability or as special needs think of them as children with specific or additional requirements. Within my setting we aim to give all children the same opportunities and ensure that no one feels isolated.For example within my school we have child ren who require 1:1 assistance so instead of removing them from group situations we let them sit at the table with their peers but give them the extra support they need this way they don’t feel left out. 3. 2 Explain the importance of positive attitudes towards disability and specific requirements It is important to display positive attitudes towards children with disabilities and special requirements, so that the child feels valued and respected and doesn’t feel isolated within the class setting.As a care practitioner it is important that I show a positive attitude towards the child and set a good example for the other children. 3. 3 Explain the social and medical models of disability and the impact of each on practice Children with disabilities are often left feeling outcast and discriminated against. The medical model holds the traditional view that a child can be cured through medical intervention, whereas in fact in most cases of physical impairment there is no cu re. They expect disabled people to change to fit into society.Alternatively, the social model of disability looks at ways to address issues which will enable children to achieve their potential by adapting the environment the child is learning and living in so that the child can feel more included. By adapting the child’s environment and removing any barriers you are allowing them the chance to learn and achieve new things, which improves their confidence and self-esteem. 3. 4 Explain the different types of support that are available for disabled children and yond people and those with specific requirements.There are many services available for children with disabilities. Speech and language therapists can work with children to improve the child’s communication skills. Occupational therapists can also be involved in the child’s development by providing walking frames for children with physical impairments. As a classroom assistant we liase with many professional and the children’s parents to ensure they are getting all the appropriate care and assistance available to enhance their development. 4. Explain the meaning of equality, diversity and inclusion in the context of positive outcomes for children and young people It is essential within my school that each child is treated fairly and with respect. Equality is about making sure that each child is given the same chance as each other, it is not about treating everyone the same way, but rather by recognising that each individual has different needs. Children must not be discriminated against because of their race, gender, disability, religious beliefs or age. Diversity is about treating students as individuals.Teachers need to ensure that their methods cover every child’s learning abilities since children come from different religious and cultural backgrounds. It is imperative that we treat students with respect at all times and always give consideration to each individualâ₠¬â„¢s specific needs. Inclusion means ensuring that everyone is included in tasks. As a classroom assistant I make sure that the tasks are divided out equally and that children take turns. We have charts within our class that set out the children’s tasks for that day and we rotate these every day to ensure that no one is left out.Every child has different needs and requirements and it is important as a classroom assistant that I learn and understand each child’s individual needs so that they can be catered for. 4. 2 Compare, giving examples ways in which services for children, young people and their carers take account of and promote equality, diversity and inclusion to promote positive outcomes One of the things that we do within my school is that we teach the children about different cultures. We recently held our annual French Day where both staff and pupils dressed in French clothes and ate French foods such as croissants and crepes.One of the most inspiring moment s that day, was watching a wheelchair bound pupil in my class who loves playing with sand, sitting contentedly in the sand pit (having been helped out of his wheelchair and being supervised so that he didn’t fall) wearing a beret and neckerchief and putting small French flags on top of the sandcastles he made. This was an example of inclusion in practice and just one of the many opportunities my school gives to children to help them gain independence and confidence.

SCADA Worm Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SCADA Worm - Case Study Example It is as well the first worm which encompasses a programmable logic controller (PLC) root kit. Additionally, in the beginning Stuxnet worm dispersed without rhyme or reason; however, it incorporated a high level and sophisticated malware payload that was particularly designed to target Siemens supervisory control and data acquisition (or simply SCADA) systems that are intended to manage and observe detailed industrial procedures. In this scenario, Stuxnet infects PLCs by weakening the Step-7 software system that is employed to reprogram these systems (O'Murchu, 2012; Keizer, 2009; John, 2010; Masood, Um-e-Ghazia, & Anwar, 2011). This paper discusses the impact and the vulnerability of the SCADA/Stuxnet Worm in the critical infrastructure of the United States. This paper will also discuss some of the important methods to mitigate the vulnerabilities. This research will investigate the levels of responsibility between government agencies and the private sector for mitigating threats an d vulnerabilities. Vulnerability of the SCADA This section outlines some of the major vulnerabilities regarding SCADA. Various research studies have shown that a range of vulnerabilities still exist inside SCADA systems. In this scenario, the majority of extensively publicized security based attacks on SCADA systems have taken place over the past few years as well as a large number of reports have been produced confidentially and publicly admitting issues and challenges securing similar systems. For example, SCADA system’s major vulnerability revealed itself when Japanese groups purportedly attacked control systems organizing commuter trains. Another major vulnerability attack was the Slammer worm that immobilized a security monitoring arrangement at Davis-Besse nuclear power plant located in the Oak Harbor, Ohio in the year 2003 (Swan, 2012; Fidler, 2011; Rebane, 2011). In addition, there are so many other instances of this attack, for instance a major vulnerability taking p lace due to an illegal intrusion through a previous, disgruntled worker into a worldwide chemical corporation attempting to cause damage. In the same way, Ira Winkler’s security based vulnerability instance in SCADA happened while conducting experiments at a power corporation network that was so flourishing that the test had to be stopped. Another major vulnerability in SCADA was identified due to the Sobig computer virus that influenced the CSX train signaling arrangement in the year 2003. Additionally, the disruption in collaboration and communication happened in Worcester, Massachusetts Air Traffic Communications system in 1997. SCADA vulnerability also happened due to foreign actors, where a cyber attacked a United States water plant in an obvious effort to achieve access as well as probably control of the significant corporate arrangement. In addition, the latest Stuxnet Worm that spreads extensively searching for exact SCADA applications and systems, supposedly attackin g Iran’s Natanz nuclear arrangement, allegedly reasoning 1,000 centrifuges to spin out of control (Swan, 2012; Fidler, 2011; Rebane, 2011). Moreover, these above stated different vulnerabilities could have taken place due to some of the reasons (Swan, 2012; Fidl

Communications Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communications - Coursework Example The movement of structuralism is closely connected to the study of signs and symbols and how individuals created meanings of these signs and symbols. The movement of structuralism is said to have been originated in the theories of Ferdinand de Saussure during the early period of the 1900s (Berger, 2006, p.20). Saussure was the one who developed signs and symbols and believed that all languages constitute of difficult system of symbols and these symbols help in expressing ideas and there are certain regulations that are governing the way these symbols are used. He asserted that any particular symbol is a matter of chance and a link does not exist between a word and the meaning attached to it. For example: the word â€Å"dog† does not signify an image of an animal. Structuralism even states that a literary piece of work has zero origin and the individual authoring a piece of literary work simply occupies an already existing language which assists him/her in created sentences for his/her story. 2. Culler states that society is a primary reality, by this statement he is entering into an argument against Ferdinand de Saussure who is of the idea that human beings are the ones who have created society and the society itself was not created first (Berger, 2006, p.14). Basically, Culler is entering into a chicken and egg debate in which the issue is whether chicken created eggs or the eggs created chicken. Culler is arguing that it was not the humans who created the society, and society preceded human beings. Culler states that the society is not an outcome of behaviors conducted by human beings and is not demonstration of the human mind. Culler even stated that if an individual wants to conduct a study on human behavior and wants to analyze human behavior, he/she should first study the society and he even added that meanings are derived when an individual interacts with the society and thus they should be explained in the context of the society. Culler has raise d a significant debate against the assumptions of structuralism, this is because if the society would not have existed human beings would not have learned how to interpret the meaning of a specific sign or object and this is because the meaning of science do not evolve out of nowhere, they are created by the society. The society is very important for the development of communication as due to its existence, humans learn how to speak and write and learn meanings of different signs and symbols. 3. The patterns in which stories and speeches are narrated and told are a huge field of study and one of the greatest theorists who contributed to this study was William Labov during 1972 (Berger, 2006, p.40). According to Labov there are six steps if story telling starting from abstract in which an overview of the story is provided. For example: In a recent speech on animal behavior I attended, the speaker started by proving an overview of what he is going to talk about. Next comes the orienta tion in which the speaker informed us about which animals he is going to talk about, their behaviors at under different situations and the reasons for exhibiting that behavior. Next is the complicating action in which the speaker informed us about the events in which he will narrate the entire topic starting off with a background, concentrating on theorists and application of theories and in the end he concludes. Next he provided an evaluation of the events

Prophet Mohammed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prophet Mohammed - Essay Example The intense conflicts between the Majority Shi’a adherents and the minority Sunni adherents have been apparent since the death of Prophet Mohamed. Both groups have been trying to rule over each other with violence and turmoil between them going back to when their two leaders were chosen. In agreement with the argument also, the war between the Sadam Regime and the Shi’a actually fitted the definition of a civil war. The Shi’a, the Kurds, and Sunnis all shared the state of Iraq with the Sunnis having more privileges compared to the majority Shi’a Muslims thus bringing eruptions of revolutions. The revolutions were, however, unable to shake the Saddam regime and thus the involvement of the United States. During the invasion, however, the US did not take any sides and was trying to bring peace to the state. Sadam was the enemy but not the Shi’a community and on bringing him down, they even started forming coalitions with other Shi’a leaders. A good example is the case of Abul Abed from Amariyah. Each group believing that their rivals follow false leaders thus being betrayers of Islam has brought about the sectarian conflict between the Sunnis and the Shiites. For the faith to be cleansed, each believes that they must eradicate the other group completely. Therefore, the question whether they will ever reconcile is somehow already answered. However, they are all Muslims who believe that there is no other God but Allah, believe in the Koran and in the Prophet Mohammad, and will, therefore, seem to come together in case of a common enemy.

Social Justice in the Holy War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Justice in the Holy War - Essay Example The same asserts as written in the Qur’an that it is the duty of all believers to engage in this war â€Å"with their goods and lives† for they will be rewarded if slain in the process (K. 3:157-158, 169-172); while those who do not participate in this endeavour shall expect relentless retribution at their doors (K. 9:81-82, 48:16). Regrettably, thousands of innocent civilians form part of the catastrophe with every assault; worse, it is not adequately rationalized how such injustice can be irreproachable. This lifelong discord between Muslims and the Western religions is in reference to their separate views on social justice. While most democratic countries do not interfere in the spiritual practices by legitimate organizations, they avow to implement essential measures should peace and order is compromised. Muslims are directed to stand against the enemy of the church and to readily use force when called for by the situation. Quite the opposite, the Western government and its constituents employ due process of law—conscientious deliberations are carried out before war is declared, and death sentence through electrocution, gas chamber, or lethal injection is conceded. Jihad entails exerting the maximum potential to attain a goal that is purely dedicated for God’s cause. One who is devoted to this cause is compelled to use all physical, intellectual, financial, economic, and spiritual capacities to service it; employs whatever force he or she can when confronting that which blocks his or her way; and when necessary dies for it (Jonsson 511). In other words, the cause justifies the means; that regardless of the consequence, the exercise of jihad is all that counts. Life itself is of lesser importance, and to live a life free of violence has no bearing at all. "The fruits of the greater jihad are the conviction that the individual sacrifices himself and his material well-being and must bear martyrdom for the purpose of confronting the enemy, in the way of God† (Hamzeh 37). Then again, the Muslims are encouraged to fight against seduction, superstition, wrong belief, carnal desire, and evil inclinations in the quest of intellectual and spiritual enlightenment (Jonsson 513). This notion of the greater jihad is a battle against oneself—to place â€Å"one’s power and faculties under the yoke of Allah’s commands and purging the domain of one’s body of satanic elements and their forces† (Hamzeh 36). To denounce evil in an effort to purify the body and soul is an exceptional Islamic doctrine that is in harmony with that of the other religions; yet, evil is another element that the former gives distinct connotations to. While the notorious Osama bin Laden, founder of the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda, bluntly refers to the Americans as abomination, those that suppose otherwise denies him the right to call himself a Muslim. In the Quran, two basic words, 'Adl and Qist, broadly t ranslates as justice. Adl in Islam means a balanced approach to all things, including life. Therefore, Adl also pertains to a person who is â€Å"morally, behaviorally, and spiritually balanced† (Barazangi, et al 19). Qust, on the other hand, refers to the way in which Muslims deal with one another, and God deals with us. Qist essentially concerns human social interaction, if we use the term to include both God and humans in this interchange. It includes the notion of fairness in dealing with others (Barazangi, et al 19). Authors Capeheart and Milovanovic propose that social justice is concerned not in the narrow focus of what is just for the individual alone, but what is just for the social whole. Given the current global condition, social justice must include an understanding

Human Trafficking in Sudan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Trafficking in Sudan - Essay Example The legacies of slavery and colonialism can help to understand the current civil war and political violence as well as human trafficking. However, the emphasis in this paper will be on human trafficking and slavery. The foundation of slavery in Sudan has its roots in frontier war zones of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.1 One important aspect in the slavery of Sudan as well as Muslim society is that the slave will be treated as part of the family or a member of it. However, the descendents of a slave are slaves until they are freed by their master. Hence, the abolition of slavery in the West did not affect the situation in Sudan and Arab as well as African leaders of Central Sudan encouraged human trafficking on the premise of Sharia or Islamic law and encouraged the enslavement of non-Muslims. As a result non Muslims from Brazil were sent to Central Sudan that witnessed the human trafficking as the slaves from communities of Arab traders and Islamicized local leaders were sold in Central African markets. The human trafficking developed on the name of religion as the leaders started selling the people who did not embrace Islam. As it is clear that the rulers have the privilege of using the religion for their materialistic needs, the ruling group has monopolized Sudan's slave trade and that resulted i n slaves being an important export commodity. As the slave ownership with the help of farming helped the merchant class to be wealthy, the leading merchants established the slave establishments. The girl slaves from the slave family were forced to do prostitution and have sent their part of the earnings to their master. The beneficiaries of the earnings of those prostitute slaves were known for their nobility and that resulted in economic development of a particular class by exploiting the slave population. In addition to that, the exploitation of slaves resulted in mobilization of labor on a large scale. The mobilization accompanied the appropriation of products of slaves. However, even in the context of mobilization, the small-scale household labor force characteristic indigenous non-Muslim societies were not eliminated. Instead to that the labor force has turned into a component of a multifaceted system of forced labor that developed the production in plantations. As mentioned ea rlier as the slavery is a result of war zones in the previous centuries, the territorial conquest resulted in acquisition of slaves. As enslavement and state expansion happened simultaneously, that resulted in cultural differences between different groups and developed political variations among social groups. The establishment of Funji Kingdom resulted in Islamization of Northern and Central Sudan that resulted in enslavement of non Muslims. 2 The enslavement of people enabled the people in Sudan to buy women in most states of Sudan and it is not impossible to buy a pretty girl or a boy as a slave according to your desire. The slavery in Sudan changed it into a source country for men, women and children who are trafficked for the purposes of labor as well as sexual exploitation. The slavery in Sudan has helped other Arabian countries to enjoy the fruits and labors of it. As the

Admission Essays for EMBA Admission - The University of Chicago Booth Essay

Admission Essays for EMBA Admission - The University of Chicago Booth School of Business - Essay Example I am interested in pursuing an EMBA because throughout history businesses have always existed. These businesses have existed by trading off merchandise and/or by exchanging merchandise for currency. In this case, the merchandise is the technology service. Since then the manner of making business transactions have evolved to include technology. Although technology is a mechanism of performing business transactions more rapidly, we should not forget to maintain the human element vivid in them. I want to master my skills in business administration since throughout history it has lead to an economic empowerment for many corporations and countries. Having this economic crisis vivid in our daily lives, makes the seeking of new strategies and venues a must, to help get out of this magnificent rut. Forming part of your institution of higher learning will give me more insights of how I may make contributions in this area as an expert with the help of the expertise and experiences of your faculty members. I have had close to a decade (?) of experience in this area of business administration and I have had to make decisions that have been crucial to obtain successful business transactions results. In business it is not a good idea to make decisions on a trial and error basis. The bottom line of entrepreneurial ship is to be on the cost/effective side of the spectrum (the bottom line of a financial statement. By obtaining an EMBA at The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, will give me ample information gathered by international experts and it will give me the opportunity to make decisions based on others ´ experiences that have had positive and negative results. In doing so, I will be able to apply strategies and methodologies to make successful business transaction decisions based on others ´ experiences and based on the case studies presented in classes. I see myself collaborating with others to

Literature - Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Essay

Literature - Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Time Machine - Essay Example In describing the human experience during the fin de seicle era, sociologist Marshall Berman says â€Å"they are moved at once by a will to change – to transform both themselves and their world – and by a terror of disorientation and disintegration, of life falling apart† (Berman, 1982). Through this statement, it is easy to see the conflicting emotions of an individual experiencing the type of rapid change that has characterized society since this period. As the people living during this period became more familiar with the concepts of Sigmund Freud and the hidden recesses of the mind and the ideas of Charles Darwin and the processes of natural selection and evolution, it became a necessity to examine the beliefs and customs of their inner selves. No longer was the world considered stable so the only center of gravity had to be found within, yet the world within was even more threatening. Many of the old values were shifting as factories rose and cities were bui lt. Women were gaining new freedoms and the old aristocracy, with its life of leisure and waste, was slowly falling into disrepute as enterprising and hard-working individuals from the lower classes began to make names for themselves, building up a middle class that valued work above play and based wealth upon monetary measures rather than the size of one’s property holdings. The resulting clash of values also constituted a meeting between the self and the other, as landed gentry struggled to come to grips with the new boldness of the rising middle class. It was during the fin de seicle era in particular that the question of the inner nature of man and his ultimate direction in life were made the focus of scientific study at the same time that the pace and direction of life were thrown into chaos, explaining this period’s fascination with the concept of the monstrous. The novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1886, presents the ultimate

Social Class in America Essay Example for Free

Social Class in America Essay Over the course of two hours, the documentary reveals that despite our countrys deeply-held ideals of egalitarianism and fairness, our citizens are in fact subject to sharp class distinctions and often insurmountable inequalities of opportunity. For viewers and students interested in the sociology and culture of the United States, People Like Us provides an entertaining introduction to a controversial topic. It does not offer a Marxian analysis of one groups exploitation of another, nor does it celebrate the virtues of the capitalist system. Rather, this popular history presents an outspoken group of Americans from diverse locales and even more diverse socioeconomic groups: privileged New York WASPS, upwardly mobile African Americans in North Carolina, struggling minimum-wage workers in Ohio, proud Georgia rednecks, blue-collar suburbanites in New Jersey, cliquey Texas highschool students, and more. Through their portraits, People Like Us raises questions about the ways, large and small, in which Americans classify each other, how our inherited social class affects our self-perceptions and our expectations, and how race and other factors complicate an already complex arrangement of social distinctions in our society. Producers Andrew Kolker and Louis Alvarez, who have collaborated on a series of award-winning documentaries on different aspects of American culture since 1979, found People Like Us to be an extremely challenging program to make. Crisscrossing the country to interview hundreds of Americans, they discovered that many of us take our class status for granted, while many others refuse to admit that class differences exist. In making this program, Alvarez and Kolker hope to challenge viewers to rethink their assumptions about class in America and to examine how those assumptions influence their attitudes about their fellow citizens. People Like Us premiered on the Public Broadcasting System and is intended for a general audience. It is also extremely useful for educators who wish to introduce students to basic concepts about social class and bout class distinctions in the United States. People Like Us does not pretend to be the definitive documentary about class in America. But it does aim to be a catalyst for discussion and deeper study about the many different issues of class that affect our country economically, socially, and psychologically. This guide is intended to facilitate that goal. Our suggestions for discussion questions, lesson plans, group projects, theme-based activities, readings, and writing assignments are designed to help viewers explore, in the context of their own experiences and communities, the many thorny issues raised by People Like Us. II. Program Outline People Like Us: Social Class in America is 124 minutes (2:04) in length. While its always best to screen the program in its entirety, it can also be viewed in two separate, hour-long sittings: 1) Parts I and II and 2) Parts III and IV. If class time is limited, you can also show specific short segments to the class. In that case, we recommend that you pre-screen the entire show so that you understand where each segment fits into the whole. Is there a difference between class, status, and lifestyle? 2. Reconsider the question of whether the United States is a classless, egalitarian society. Elicit viewers’ impressions of the range of Americans they saw in the program. Who are the most memorable? Why? What characteristics mark each person as belonging to one social class or another? What were some of their opinions about the class structure of the United States? Were there any statements students strongly agreed/disagreed with? Broaden the discussion: Why do many Americans deny that class distinctions exist in their country? Why do many consider class to be a touchy subject? Why do classes exist anyway? What are the effects of class stratification on Americans? Does growing up in a particular class affect our self-image and our expectations in life? If so, how? 3. Tabulate results of the mini-survey and discuss findings. Ask students to define their terms and explain why they picked a particular social class. (NOTE: since some people may feel uncomfortable about answering this question, participation in this discussion can be voluntary. ) Did they select a particular class because of their parents’ income? Their own lifestyle? Education? Aspirations? Family history? Moral values or religious affiliation? Did they change their minds about their own social rank after seeing People Like Us? If so, how and why? Divide the class into groups. Ask each group to discuss the class structure of their community. Are neighborhoods mixed or segregated by class? Which classes live in which areas and go to which schools? Which groups tend to shop at which stores, worship at which religious centers, belong to which clubs? Does any one group hold the power in local government? Are there any venues where various classes intermingle? Are there any class-based issues the community is currently confronting for example, in housing, job development, or education? 4. Assign a review. Based on their notes, ask students to write a critique, favorable or unfavorable, of People Like Us. What are the programs most important ideas about class in America? Writers should include specific examples of scenes or remarks that were most/least effective in presenting these ideas. Did viewers feel that any one of the classes portrayed was favored over the other? In an introductory essay to his play, Major Barbara, George Bernard Shaw wrote: What a man is depends on his character; but what he does, and what we think of what he does, depends on his circumstances. The characteristics that ruin a man in one class made him eminent in another. Ask students to write their interpretation of this quote. What does Shaw mean? Cite an example of behavior that is considered a virtue in one class and a vice in another. For example, compare the idea of an aggressive real estate developer with an aggressive sanitation worker. Both are in business, but their qualities may be judged differently. Don’t Get Above Your Raisin’ (Washington, DC ; Morgantown, Kentucky) Begins: 01:21. 02 Running Time: 12_ minutes Getting above your raisin is a phrase you hear all the time†¦.. The notion is that you want to change social classes†¦ You try to change social classes, theres this feeling that youre forsaking the family, youre forsaking place, youre forgetting where you came from†¦and heres this real fear that if you leave, that youll become ashamed of where you came from. Dana Felty, an ambitious young woman from a working-class background in rural Kentucky, is pursuing a career as a journalist in Washington, D. C. Despite her success, Felty feels guilty about leaving her class and culture behind. As an Appalachian, shes been taught that moving up the ladder is not as important as allegiance to the community. I think that at the core of a lot of my family, it really felt like I was telling them that I was rejecting them and I was rejecting my home, and everything that had been just the essence of who we were, she says tearfully.

Service User and Carer Participation in Social Work

Service User and Carer Participation in Social Work Identify, using examples, how a professional social worker should work in such a way as to ensure user and carer participation. Consider the practice issues for working anti-oppressively with users or carers who are either a  frail elderly person and their carer. A professional social worker must approach the elderly person as an individual and ensure that individual as opposed to generic needs are assessed. In practical terms this means that the approach taken is built upon a mix of professional pragmatism and textbook rules. This manner of approach also ensures that the social worker can approach the practice issues identified in an anti-oppressive and professional manner which promotes both user and carer participation. Certainly in terms of personal reflection, and from the writer’s perspective; as a white, middle class person, integrating the theory of how one is required to engage oneself anti-oppressively, in the capacity of social worker with the pragmatics of good social skills and an ability to put a user, such as a frail elderly person and their carer at ease is all the more important where there are differences between the practitioner and the service user in terms of age, race, religion and sex to name just a few examples. Therefore promoting user and carer participation and working anti oppressively with frail elderly users is by no means an easy task. Such a task requires an understanding of models of oppression. Models of oppression mainly relate to the ‘isms’ within society such as ageism, sexism, classism, racism and many others (Williams, (2002) 1), and in the context of this question perhaps ageism and its avoidance within a user/practitioner setting is the most relevant. The professional social worker must be aware that models of oppression must be understood and applied within carer/user settings in order to promote an ethical, participatory relationship between the two (Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust (2006) 14). This is because as Beckett and Maynard ((2005) 46) observe, the social worker often deals with those groups within society who are the ‘least powerful’. One classic example of this for the social worker in a practice situation could be at a juncture where a frail elderly person reaches a stage where their needs cannot be accommodated at home, and supported accommodation options for the elderly person may need to be discussed. In this instance ‘alone time’ spent between carer and the social worker and the user and the social worker can allow both to discuss the issues at hand frankly, and decide what the best way forward might be. This ensures that there is holistic user participation, as it is important that the needs of a frail elderly person are not entirely overshadowed by the input of the carer. This by no means implies that the carer should be ignored during a home visit, or should be excluded in any manner, but there will be times when it is appropriate for the frail elderly person (provided they are compos mentis) to express their viewpoint independently of those close to them (for example if they express a wish t o have arrangements made for a will). This will also give the social worker an opportunity to have some time alone with the carer, which gives the carer an opportunity to raise concerns or to discuss issues which they would perhaps not feel comfortable raising in the presence of the person who they take care of. Of course, the user participation will be important once these discussions have taken place, because a frail elderly person cannot be placed into supported accommodation without their co-operation and consent. However, it is often beneficial, where a sensitive issue should as a move between home and supported accommodation is to be broached, that a carer and a professional social worker have an opportunity to discuss the needs of the ‘user’ of the services in a setting where these issues can be spoken of frankly. This does not mean that issues should be concealed from a user or from a carer, but often in terms of facilitating anti-oppressive practice issues it i s appropriate to relate to both user and carer in different ways, and therefore it may be necessary to communicate with one or another (user and carer) separately. In this context the issue of power within society and how it relates to social inequalities must be understood. The social worker is in quite a powerful position compared to an elderly and frail service user, and therefore a professional social worker is required to appreciate how their language must be employed as a strategy to engage the service user, and carer anti oppressively, and at the same time promoting participation. To take stock of another example to illustrate this point, let us look at a scenario whereby an elderly person who is frail is hostile to interventions from a social worker. Here, the requirements for anti-oppressive techniques of care become all the more important. Difficult questions become apparent in this context. Some examples are as follows: What should one do whereby a frail elderly person has a carer who looks after their needs on a part time basis, and the social worker feels that there are issues of self neglect during episodes where the carer is not present? To take this example a little further, a scenario could arise where a frail elderly person, whose carer is not present, is being visited by a social worker. Let us imagine that the social worker wishes to gain entry to the house of the elderly frail person in order to assess their needs and the elderly person is suspicious and does not wish to allow the person in. How can language be employed in this setting to promote an ethical relationship based on anti-oppressive techniques in this scenario? A simple answer would be for the social worker firstly to explain who they are and why they wish to pay a visit to the elderly person, and secondly another strategy which could be employed would be to say to the service user (the elderly frail person); Can I come in for a Chat/some Tea?, rather then an overly formal explanation of why they are there for example ‘I have to speak to you to assess whether you are capable of looking after yourself’. This approach also empowers the service user, since they may feel more in control of the interaction, and they might also be more inclined to perceive the social worker on friendly terms. To pose another critically important question here: how should a social worker in this above outlined scenario handle a conflict which arises between an elderly user and the state where an elderly person, who lacks capacity to make decisions for themselves is self-neglecting and will not co-operate with a social worker who encourages them to move into supported accommodation? Two models of intervention may be employed here by the social worker, to deal with the conflict. One is the state intervention model, which may involve sectioning the frail elderly person and removing them into the care of an institution, and alternatively the social worker can choose to employ more moderate interventions which involve living support from voluntary sector groups (Scottish Executive (2006) Section 1.3). Which one is best always depends upon the individual circumstances of the frail elderly person, and the judgement of the individual social worker[1]. In this context, and to continue the reference to the particular example where a social worker wishes to gain entry to the house of a frail, elderly person for the purposes of assessing their needs, it is also important to remember that the social worker owes the frail elderly person some legal responsibilities. All social work practitioners, for example are required to adhere to the various codes of ethics which have been issued through the General Social Care Council, which was set up in 2001. Amongst other duties, each of the 84000 social workers and social worker students on the Social Care Register must submit to inspection by the Commission for Social Care Inspection, and are required to have their own copies of their codes of conduct; and also as of 2003, the Social Care Register requires that only registered social workers may describe themselves as social workers (to label oneself a social worker, and at the same time intending to deceive others in this respect is now a crim inal offence) (www.gscc.org.uk). Another legal responsibility which the professional service user owes to the user and to the carer is the duty not to discriminate unnecessarily against a person on the grounds of their race, ethnicity, disability, and age to give just a few examples of areas which are protected by law by anti-discrimination legalisation. Research into what practice issues are important for services users including carers and the elderly which was carried out by the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust suggests that the combating of discrimination and how it can lead to an oppressive relationship between service user and social worker is very important in social work practice (Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust (2006) 14). In terms of both user and carer participation, the issue of confidentiality is of the utmost importance. This builds trust between user and the social work practitioner and also may lead to a feeling of empowerment by the service user, who is in the context of this question a frail elderly person. To refer back to the first example used in this essay (where the issue of perhaps assessing the needs and views of both carer and an elderly frail person separately has been raised); where there are issues which are quite sensitive between a carer, and a frail elderly person, it is important that the confidence of both parties are respected by the social worker. It is also important to speak to each person on their terms. One classic example of this in the context of a frail elderly person, addressing the user firstly by using their formal title ‘Miss Jones’ for example or ‘Mrs Smith’, as opposed to the use of first names is potentially an important strategy to emp loy. It is often the case that there will be a large generational gap between the frail elderly person and the social worker, and this makes to concept of anti-oppressive techniques and participation techniques all the more important. Such a generational gap may make a frail elderly person perceive the social worker as more of a threat to them, and may perhaps convey to them the impression that the social worker has little understanding of their needs and view of the world. In this sense, also good case management and record keeping (often a legal requirement for social workers) will also facilitate user and carer participation, as well as anti-oppressive practices. In conclusion therefore there are a plethora of practice issues which are pivotal in a scenario where a social worker is required to interact in a professional capacity with a frail elderly person and their carer. All of these issues are intersecting, related, and sometimes contingent upon each other. The requirements for user and carer participation and for an understanding of anti-oppressive techniques are therefore complex concepts which require a pragmatic approach, integrated with a theoretical approach on the part of the contemporary professional social worker. These arguments have been supported throughout the essay through a focus upon reflective and theoretical reasoning. Bibliography Books Beckett, C. and Maynard, A. (2005) Values and Ethics in Social Work. Publisher: Sage Publications. Place of Publication: UK. Articles Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust (2006) Strategy for Social Work and Social Care. Publisher: Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust. Place of Publication: UK. Scottish Executive (2006) The Need for Social Work Intervention. Publisher: Scottish Executive. Place of Publication: UK. Williams, C. (2002) A Rationale for an Anti-Racist Entry Point to Anti-Oppressive Social Work in Mental Health Services Critical Social Work, 2002 Vol. 3, 1. Website http://www.gscc.org.uk/News+and+events/Media+releases/Put+social+care+centre+stage+in+social+exclusion+drive.htm >>. 1 Footnotes [1] See the Scottish Executive Publication for a more in depth account of models of intervention.

Lighting Advancements Essay -- essays research papers fc

Have you wondered why streetlights are yellow, or why the year 2000 cars have brighter headlights and they are a different color? Have you ever wondered how the indiglo light on your watch works, or why it glows green and not white? And did you know that same indiglo light can be used while frozen, dipped in water, bent in half, stepped on, or in hazardous environments. Lighting has changed over the last few years; there are advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of lighting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lighting has been around since time itself existed; the first kind of lighting was fire. Fire was used to warm the inhabitants, and to provide light; many primitive cultures would use burning torches to provide light for their excursions and pathways. Fire was the only true form of light they had other than the moon. Fire had many disadvantages, one was that fire depended on fuel and needed proper conditions to operate (no rain, minimal wind). Another disadvantage is that fire, if not handled properly, could result in a brush fire or even burn down their shelter. An advantage was it was efficient when conditions were correct. It provided an inexpensive form of lighting, and could be used for cooking and heating. Due to the persistent problem of limited fuel, inhabitants looked for a way to prolong the fuel. (Thwig 29-34)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next step in lighting that followed was a candle. Candles offered one main advantage over the fire by itself, fuel. A candle was able to provide a long burning light and was relatively inexpensive to produce. Candles were originally made from whale fat. The flame would burn and would slowly use the wick as a fuel and would burn much slower because the wax slowed the burning down. (Thwig 35-49)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next form of lighting that followed the candle was the oil lamp. The oil for the lamps was also made from whales. The oil was the primary fuel for the fire, it burned even longer than a candle, and was cleaner. The wick was submerged in oil with one side sticking out. The oil would travel up the wick to the exposed portion. When lit the wick would be saturated with oil and the fire would burn the oil on the wick. This form of lighting was a large improvement, many cites adapted to this technology. Cities would create streetlights from the lamps and they would be lit on a n... ...is not fully utilized yet. In the coming years we will see displays of light we cannot even imagine, displays we cant even think about in our wildest dreams. But one thing is for sure lighting has, and always will be a necessity of our culture. Works Cited “ The Design Guide.'; New Hampshire. Loctite Luminescent Systems Inc.1990, Revision 0490. “Edison, Thomas Alva.'; Frank & Wagnall’s New Encyclopedia. 1989 ed. “Electro-Luminescents.'; Memtonik Innovations. Online. Pacific Bell, 7 January 2000. N. pag. Hayward, Arthur H. Colonial and Early American Lighting. Canada; General Publishing Company, 1962. “Hubble Lighting'; Hubble. Online. Pacific Bell, 23 January 2000. N. pag. Available http://www.hubble-ltg.com. “Lighting F.A.Q.'; Rudd Lighting. Online. Pacific Bell, 22 January 2000. N. pag. Available http://www.ruddlighting.com/. Neitzke, Ron. Personal Interview. 16 Feburary 2000. Sabin, Louis. Thomas Alva Edison. New Jersey Troll Associates, 1983. Thwig, Leroy. Flickering Flames. Tokyo; Charles E. Truffle Company, 1962. “Why Electro-luminescent lamps.'; Industrial Tehcnology. Online. Pacbell, 7 January 2000.

Time Crunches and Themewriting :: Teaching Writing Education Essays

Of Time Crunches and Themewriting So, Thanksgiving break has been over for about two and a half weeks and winter quarter has begun. One would think that the three weeks between Thanksgiving break and Christmas break wouldn't be too difficult. Classes are just beginning, so there are no big papers due, no exams or final projects. Most students are getting used to their new classes; teachers are getting used to their new students. Most people are slipping back into the college life routine. Most, but not all. A small percentage of students are musically "talented," and have chosen to be in choir. For these students, myself included, the first three weeks back are not quietly restful and relaxing, but agonizing and taxing mainly for one reason: Madrigal dinners. Madrigal dinners are apparently leftovers from medieval times, when ancient kings would hold Christmas feasts, inviting lords and ladies from throughout the kingdom to join in celebration of the birth of Christ. During the middle ages, those who displeased the king would be sent to the dungeons to endure torture. This idea of torturing unfortunate souls has developed into the Madrigal dinner. In present times unfortunate souls are expected to spend long hours every night memorizing music, memorizing lines, setting up the stage and the banquet hall for the performances on the first three weekends after break. Every Friday, Saturday and Sunday from 5 PM until 10:30 PM we spend performing, singing, acting, and waiting tables, those of us involved with the Madrigal dinners then have to stay later, usually until 2:30 or 3:00 AM cleaning tables, washing dishes, and generally cleaning up before we set up for the next performance. None of us get much rest on the weekends. During the third week, everyone involved in the dinners (except the waiters) go down to the cities to perform at the St. Paul Radisson. So the second Sunday after break, after we have finished performing, and after the dishes are done and the tables taken down, we have to tear down the set. Then, we have to pack the set up, miss three days of classes to go and perform two more times in the cities, which also means that we have to set up and tear down the set once again. I can see why the shows are nicknamed "Mads;" being in them drives you crazy. The first rehearsals begin even before break, however. Dr.

Poverty and Nutrition in America Essay -- Low-Income and Food Insecure

For most Americans, the word poverty means insufficient access to to housing, clothing and nutritious food that meet their needs for a healthy life. A consequence of poverty is a low socioeconomic status that leads to being exposed to poor nutrition. Since food and dietary choices are influenced by income, poverty and nutrition go hand in hand. There are many important factors that threaten the nutritional status of poor people. The number one factor is not having enough money to buy food of good quality and quantity. Not having enough money can have a profound impact on the diets of low-income people. Limited financial resources may force low income people to make difficult decisions about what kind and how much food to buy. Limited financial resources often lead to food insecurity. According to Gundersen, Waxman, Engelhard, and Brown (2011) food insecurity is the lack of access to healthy food in quantity or quality. Poverty is regarded as the major cause of food insecurity. A household food security depends on access to food. America has access to good healthy food. However, a family too poor to buy them do not enjoy food security. Rosenbaum and Neuberger (2005) report that each year the number of people using government food assistance programs grows. â€Å"Food stamps are targeted to those with the greatest need for help in purchasing food†¦ [and] helps to lessen the extent and severity of poverty (Rosenbaum and Neuberger 2005)†. Gundersen, Waxman, Engelhard, and Brown (2010) found in their study that 50 million people (including 17 million children) were food insecure in 2010. Poverty and food insecurity affects the lives of billions of people worldwide and millions of people in the United States. More than two billion pe... ...ysical activity. Child Trends 2 (3): 1-9. Retrieved from http://www.childtrends.org/Files/Child_Trends_2011_07_25_ECH_HealthyEating.pdf Powell, L.M., Slater, S., Mirtcheva, D., Bao, Y., & Chaloupka, F.J. (2007). Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 44, 189-195. Rosenbaum, D. & Neuberger, Z. (2005, August 17). Food and nutrition programs: Reducing hunger and bolstering nutrition. Retrieved from http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=510 United Nations Children’s Fund. (2012). Nutrition - What is the role of nutrition? Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_role.html United State Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010, December). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, 7th Edition, Retrieved from http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuideli

Bangladesh newspaper Essay

Bangla newspaper has a great importance from freedom war 1971 to show. Bangladeshi general peoples were being informed about the political. societal and economical position and activities from Bangla newspaper during under Pakistani authorities. This is besides major grounds of political activities in the past and present. The day-to-day Prothom Alo and the day-to-day Ittefaq is the taking newspaper in Bangladesh. A batch of national and non-government advertizements are published these two newspapers. Bangladeshi publishing media is really strong in the universe because a immense figure of Bangla newspapers are published day-to-day nationally and locally in this state of land country of 1lac 44 thousand square kilometre. In malice of debut of new media like Bangla orbiter channels. FM and local wirelesss and on-line intelligence. Bangla newspaper is still really popular in our state because old peoples and house married woman prefer newspaper to Television. wireless or on-line intel ligence. Another advantage of newspaper is that it can be read any clip of the twenty-four hours. Particular involvement to peculiar subdivision like athleticss. political. manner and manner. international intelligence. concern or column may change from adult male to adult male but most of peoples like political and taking intelligence subdivision. Leading intelligence. editorialist articles and column are most favourite subdivision in Bangla newspaper. Online Bangla newspaper is going more popular twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours for those people working in office or concern because update intelligence are acquiring immediately and they have non adequate clip to read newspaper individually in place or office. Above all the imortance of Bangla newspaper can non explained shortly. It opens the door of cognition and present state of affairs by presenting of import massage invariably.

Bill Ryan

Some of the information he knows off the top of his head and other information he has to search for the correct response before he answers the customer question. He states this when he makes te comment about his favorite customer questions is the ones he have to do deep research for. Factor 2, Supervisory Controls Level 2-5 650 points. The supervisor provides administrative direction with assignment in terms of broadly defined mission or function. The employee has responsibility for independently planning, designing, and carrying out programs, projects, studies or other work.The reason why I picked Level 2-5 is because Mr. Ryans supervisor is never mentioned. The general mission of giving customer service is mention. Mr. Ryans explain how he handles his day , he independently planed, designed, and carried out programs, projects, studies or other work. He does not deal with his supervisor on a consistent basis throughout the day. Factor 3 Guidelines Level 3-1 25 points. Specific, deta iled guidelines covering all important aspects of the assignment are provided to the employee.The employee works in strict adherence to the guideline; deviations must be authorized by the supervisor. The reason why I choose Level 3-1 is because Mr. Ryan refers to policy and procedure several times in the case. There are obviously guideline he must follow when it comes to his work. Whether it be the 24 hours the company has to reply to a customer’s email or, the guidelines for handling a dispute. These guideline have been set for MR. Ryan and his colleagues to follow so the know how to handle the customer and their situation properly.Factor 4, Complexity Level 4-2 75 points. The work consists of duties that involve related steps, processes, or methods. The decision regarding what needs to be done involves various choices that require the employee to recognize the existence of and difference among a few easily recognizable situations. Actions to be taken or responses to be made differ in such things as the source of information the kind of transaction or entries, or other difference of a factual nature. The reason why I chose Leve; 4-2 is because Mr.Ryans work is semi repetitive, like he stated he may not get the same question 50 times in a row but his question do repeat themselves every couple of emails. The only factors that differ are† sources of information the kind of transaction or entries, or other difference of a factual nature† other then those factors the questions are â€Å"easily recognizable situations† Factor 5 Scope and Effect Level 5-2 75 points The work involves the execution of specific rules, regulations, or procedure and typically comprises a complete segment of an assignment or project of broader scope.The work product or service affects the accuracy, reliability , or acceptability of further processes. I choose level 5-2 because Mr. Ryan job is to handle the customer service aspect of Half. com. He executes specifi c rules, regulation and procedures to complete the service for half. com. His customer service position is often in the middle of customers having a pleasant experience with half. com and continuing to shop from their website or it can make the customer experience worst and the customer can decided to never use their services again. Factor 6 Personal ContactsLevel 6-1 10 points . The personal contacts are with employees within the immediate organization, office , project, or work unit, and in related or support units. Beside dealing with the customers, Mr. Ryan mostly deal with the different department that handle customer issues. In one of the paragraphs Mr. Ryan explains how he had to get in touch with Matt Walsh who is in charge of fixing catalog errors. This is the only time he speaks about contacting someone other than his buyers or sellers, and the person he contacted was in his immediate organization.Factor 7 Purpose of Contacts Level 7-1 20 points. The purpose is to obtain, clarify or give facts or information regardless of the nature of those facts. Mr. Ryan may contact other department to obtain information for his customer service issues. The issues can range from easily understood to highly technical and the information obtained is to answer his customer questions that they emailed in. Factor 8 Physical Demands Level 8-1 5points. The work is sedentary. Typically, the employee sits comfortably to do the work. We know this is a fact about Mr.Ryans job because he talks about how sitting down all day bother some people but it doesn’t bother him because he works out after work. Factor 9, Work Environment. Level 9-1 5 Points The environment involves everyday risk or discomforts that require normal safety precautions typical of such places as offices, meeting and training rooms, libraries, residence, or commercial vehicles. We already know that Mr. Ryans work in an office sitting at a cubicle. His environment involves everyday risk or discomforts t hat require normal safety precautions. Total points 2115 GS Grade 10

The EU Trade policy aims to develop both multilateral liberalization..

Introduction It is frequently said that the European Union ( E.U. ) is â€Å" an economic giant but a political midget † . If the 2nd statement seems controversial, the first 1 is verified. Indeed, the E.U. is a major trading power as it is the universe ‘s largest exporter ( 16.2 % of planetary exports[ 1 ]) and importer of goods and services, accounting for a fifth of universe trade[ 2 ]. The European Union has been developing its internal market since 1993 and the â€Å" Individual Market Program † . Following the rules of the GATT/WTO[ 3 ], which is â€Å" an organisation for liberalising trade †[ 4 ]as it is written on the web site, the E.U. has borrowed a broad rhetoric based on the aim of liberalisation. Associated with the neoclassical economic theory, the European liberalisation could be defined as an â€Å" unfastened market with free competition † ( art. 119 Lisbon Treaty ) , without obstructions or barriers to merchandise. Article 206 of the Lisbon Treaty underlines the importance of the part of the EU to the â€Å" development of universe trade † and to â€Å" the progressive abolishment of limitations on international trade † . The EU Trade policy, as a tool of entree to the liberalisation, is pursued by the Common Commercial Policy ( CCP ) , which has been a portion of the community competencies since the Treaty of Rome. The implicit in thought is that liberalisation of trade has brought and will convey economic benefits and growing[ 5 ], which is the first measure to a public assistance system and a peaceable society. The EU Trade policy aims to develop both many-sided liberalisation and regional integrating. The OECD defines the EU trade policy as: â€Å" Partially by necessity, partially by design, the EU ‘s trade policy has been ‘walking on two legs ‘ since its early yearss: many-sided liberalization and regional integrating. †[ 6 ]The Lisbon Treaty considered that the CCP â€Å" shall be conducted in the context of the rules and aims of the Union ‘s external action † . Therefore, the external dimension of the EU trade has effects on the SM as the internal policy interplays with advancement in the SM. Presents, the E.U has become an attractive economic pole of about 500 million consumers, developing intra-EU and extra-EU exchanges. However, this attraction, this â€Å" magnet † consequence ( S. McGuire ) , has provoked a defensive reaction from the Member States ( MS ) , fueling the demand to protect the SM from external competition.[ 7 ]The analogue of openness seems to be the containment of external menaces which can destabilise the SM and the whole European economic system. Many physical or administrative barriers still remain and the EU has even created new barriers as proficient 1s, linked to the alleged European values. If the EU is non a complete â€Å" fortress † , these obstructions are harmful and lead to circumvent universe trade understandings. In such a instance, the dealingss between Trade Policy and the liberalisation of the SM are neither systematic nor drone. Sensitive goods: Would all sectors be wholly liberalized? Duties and non-tariffs barriers to merchandise. The EU remains stigmatized for utilizing protectionist mechanisms for sectors such as agricultural merchandises and fabric and vesture. The EU is a chief user of subsidies, anti-dumping steps and voluntary export restraints ( VER ) in order to protect the alleged â€Å" sensitive sectors † which still remain a beginning of tenseness between WTO members. Indeed, the external dimension of the EU Trade policy convergences with the internal Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP ) . The CAP has been created in order to protect the internal European agricultural market, curtailing the market entree to EU trade spouses and lessening exports[ 8 ]. This policy was applied in the model defined by the Uruguay Round which created specific regulations for agricultural-food merchandises and textiles-clothing, leting high duties on some merchandises. Even if these regulations have been weakened by farther WTO statute law, the EU still applies a assortment of techniques. Price support and export subsidies Export subsidies have became the chief instrument of domestic monetary value support in Europe. The sugar sector is one of the most conclusive illustration, being a major receiver of subsidies. To call a few, Tereos Group ( France ) , Azucarera Ebro ( Spain ) , Krajowa Spolka Cukrowa ( Poland ) received severally about a‚ ¬178 million, a‚ ¬119.4 and a‚ ¬135 million in aid in 2009[ 9 ]. 1.5 billion per twelvemonth is spent on subsidizing sugar sector, as a monetary value of 632 euros per metric ton can be guaranteed to manufacturers[ 10 ]. It makes two times the universe monetary value. The EU is one of the important universe ‘s exporter of sugar Beta vulgaris ( EU was the first exporter before CAP reform[ 11 ]) even though its production cost is higher than in Brazil or Thailand. Besides, tariff barriers are still imposed on cane-sugar exporters. Harmonizing to this trade policy, 3rd states have a really restrictive entree to the EU market entree. Brazil , Thailand and Australia succeeded in conveying the instance to the WTO difference colony. WTO assessed that EU sugar exports were â€Å" up to four times more subsidies each twelvemonth than allowed under WTO understandings †[ 12 ], conflicting with the WTO agreemement on subsidies and offseting step ( SCM ) . To this extent, EU trade policy was regarded as protectionist, safeguarding the internal market from third-countries exportations. From the external dimension of the individual market, the chief end of liberalisation was non reached. On the other manus, internal integrating suffered trade recreation. These types of ordinances have created biaised competition and have merely permitted to large manufacturers who are capable of run intoing high criterions to come in the market, ensuing in a really restricted liberalisation[ 13 ]. Voluntary export limitations ( VER ) Export subsidies can be associated with voluntary export limitations. VER have been outlawed harmonizing to WTO regulations. However, it remains a tool of EU trade policy, utilizing as a barrier against the flow of Chinese fabric imports for illustration. VER are quantitative limitation as the celebrated illustration is the understanding for restriction of Chinese fabrics measure authorised on the EU market. China â€Å" voluntary † accepted to curtail its imports assisting EU industries to confront competition. Even if import quotas ended in December 2008 with the Multiple Fibre Arrangement ( MFA ) taking to farther liberalisation, VER are still used protectionist tools. Anti-dumping steps Harmonizing to the WTO web site, dumping â€Å" occurs when goods are exported at a monetary value less than their normal value, by and large intending they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost †[ 14 ]. Article 6 of GATT/WTO allows state to develop anti-dumping responsibilities ( ADD ) if unjust competition consequences from. But the EU circumvents the WTO model, utilizing arbitraly just trade regulations. The European Union uses the â€Å" Community involvement † to warrant the infliction of ADD which can last up to five old ages[ 15 ]. However, voices have risen against a protection maltreatment of these policies. The EU initiated 287 anti-dumping instances in ten old ages, between 1998 and 2008[ 16 ]. Harmonizing to L. Davis, â€Å" 59 % of instances have involved Asiatic exports, 22 % from China entirely † , particularly because of the higher competition in chemical and metal sector increasing with the development of Asiatic economic systems[ 17 ]. China is now the biggest manufacturer of washers and bolts and this led to enforce anti-dumping on its imports: for case, duties for steel and Fe fasteners are risen from 26.5 % to 85 % , as we can see on the pie chart below[ 18 ]. The developpment of anti-dumping instances underlines the â€Å" subsitution consequence † from duties to non-tarrifs barriers[ 19 ]. The rhetoric of liberalisation fells an implicit in protectionism. Beginning: L.Davis, â€Å" Ten old ages of anti-dumping in the EU: economic and political targeting † , Ecipe working paper, No. 02/2009. The policies applied to these sensitive sectors exemplifie what Professor M. Monti called â€Å" the ambivalent feeling ( of the EU ) about the external dimension of its individual market †[ 20 ]. Surely, harmonizing to B.-T. Hanson, it can be possible to liberalise the internal market associated with external protectionism. However, the chief end of EU trade policy is defined as liberalisation of the universe ‘s market. This contradiction between theory and facts is underlined by the indispensable controversial nature of the nexus between liberalising external trade policy and making a individual market for 27 states[ 21 ]. If what is frequently called â€Å" the Fortress Europe † does non be, inclinations to protectionism are still important in specifying EU trade policy. The statement of Pearce, Sutton and Batchelor in 1985 remains relevant: â€Å" Even if the European economic systems revive, and there is no rush in protectionism elsewhere in the universe, de ficiency of international fight will go on to bring forth force per unit area to protect some sectors in some or all member provinces. The disposition if authoritiess to give to these force per unit areas will likely non alter much †[ 22 ]. Then, if a weak nexus between EU trade policy and individual market liberalisation can be found, the part of EU trade policy to the liberalisation of the SM is non obvious and even seems an obstruction to farther external liberalisation. Discriminatory Trade Agreement The Union supports trade liberalisation through many-sided dialogues within the GATT/WTO, which are based on rule of non-discrimination. Beyond WTO model, the EU has signed legion bilateral understandings with states and regional organisations based on article 24 GATT. For illustration, the EU is presently negociating a Free Trade Area ( FTA ) understanding with ASEAN. EU creates its ain pyramid of penchants that divide its â€Å" trading spouses into friends, lesser friends and enemies †[ 23 ]. These understandings create different degrees of trade liberalisation. It can be deep integrating as it is established in Europe ( EEC ) or free trade understandings as with Mediterranean states. The EU has besides signed partnership understandings with many African, Caribbean and Pacific ( ACP ) states or has established Generalized System of duty Preferences for the poorest countries. â€Å"[ 24 ] In general they are called Preferential Trade Agreements ( PTA ) and can be defined as â€Å" a assortment of agreements that favour member parties over non-members by widening duty and other non-tariff penchants † .[ 25 ]Being of such discriminatory intervention can menace the liberalisation of planetary trade by doing trade recreation. Trade recreation exists because states within trading axis will instead merchandise between them even if the states outside the axis would hold a natural comparative advantage.[ 26 ]The most known instance of favoring the regional penchants was the Banana instance when the ACP states have enjoyed discriminatory entree to the EU market even if the manufacturers from Latin America were the cheapest. This caused a excess loss in economic footings. The SM undergoes external factors that limited complete liberalisation. However, the complex system of discriminatory trade policy does non ever have the lone position of trade liberalisation. As for illustration, under economic grounds are frequently concealed political 1s: protections of human rights or labor criterions travel beyond the pure trade issues[ 27 ]. These understandings are frequently asymmetric, between powerful EU and the development states, which is in a weaker economic and political place and can non truly enforce its demands. Trade policy can be seen as a tool of advancing development and assistance to hapless states as in the instance of ACP-EU Partnership understanding: â€Å" Everything but Arms † plan. The last 1 is a good illustration of understanding which in the name of â€Å" trade penchants is allowing zero-tariff entree to EU ‘s market for all merchandises from these states, except weaponries and weaponries, but in world the most competitory goods from these states as bananas or sugar are excluded from the trad e. †[ 28 ]The understandings of this type do non advance the benefits of farther liberalization to developing states, but are protecting their ain involvements.[ 29 ] The last controversial points about application of common commercial policy are non-trade values used by EU to protect internal market. EU values such as wellness, labor criterions, environment, rural development or cultural diverseness are grounds of curtailing the imports from other states.[ 30 ]We can mention to the prohibition on importing of meat from USA that is known to be treated with endocrines. EU argues that there are possible wellness hazards linked to immune system harm in kids.[ 31 ]Refering this issue we need to emphasize the importance of precautional rule which is defined by the Commission as â€Å" the precautional rule applies where scientific grounds is deficient, inconclusive or unsure and preliminary scientific rating indicates that there are sensible evidences for concern that the potentially unsafe effects on the environment, homo, animate being or works wellness may be inconsistent with the high degree of protection chosen by the EU † .[ 32 ]By utilizi ng this rule EU can curtail the importing of goods from its trading spouses on the footing of protection of consumers. Labour criterions and environmental protection are frequently used to condition the decision of bilateral or regional understandings. A «A The EU is steadfastly committed to advancing core labour criterions and nice work for all in its trade policy, and routinely includes cooperation enterprises and inducements to better working conditions in the trade understandings it negotiates.[ 33 ]A A » Servicess Servicess became a topic of international dialogues merely on the Uruguay Round ( 1986-1994 ) and resulted in the sign language of General Agreement on Trade in Services ( GATS ) . Members committed themselves to avoid any favoritism in the application of its criterions or standards for the mandate, licensing or enfranchisement of services providers and to non curtail trade in services[ 34 ]. Despite this declaration, â€Å" the liberalisation of services is still in its babyhood †[ 35 ]. Covering more than 70 % of EU ‘s GDP[ 36 ], services are instead secondary in its trade forms. Merely 20 % of services, produced in 27 Member States, are provided abroad ( including intra-trade )[ 37 ]. Szymon Bielecki, Sylvie Gori. EU27 international trade in services declined in 2009 following the oncoming of the planetary fiscal crisis. Eurostat Statistics in focal point. 37/2010, p. 4. Service liberalisation is non achieved even on the internal degree of the EU. Monopolies still exist in European states. For illustration, each national railroad company tends to continue dominant place on domestic market. It leads to tensenesss and competitory disadvantages for other possible providers, e.g. such a instance has late occurred between SNCF and DB for the entree to the Gallic web[ 38 ]. Regardless the acceptance of â€Å" Service Directive †[ 39 ], which aimed to advance the freedom to set up a concern in another MS and the freedom to supply services in other MS, the state of affairs with liberalisation of EU Trade in services did non alter significantly. This directive does non merely have considerable spreads in ordinance of legion services, but besides does non concern 3rd states[ 40 ]. The EU for good feels the deficiency of the cohesive trade policy in services. A divided service market is damaging for an economic system largely knowledge-based and service oriented. We should besides take into history the mutuality of services and thenceforth the negative knock-on consequence of barriers[ 41 ]. Technical barriers EU Trade Policy is closely related with other policies, which besides contribute to farther limitations. For case, the protection of the Intellectual Property Rights implies that both trading parties respect and protect rational rights. It resulted in the toughening of EU Customs ordinances[ 42 ]and in a creative activity of a list of precedence states in which state of affairs with IPR protection seems â€Å" the most damaging to EU fight †[ 43 ]. Other barriers are tax-related. The EU has a extremely disconnected revenue enhancement landscape that creates the loopholes for the dual revenue enhancement or revenue enhancement favoritism of consumers and companies. Another instance is the cross-border e-commerce, limited due to the differences in consumer protection regulations, regulations on VAT, recycling fees and levies[ 44 ]. The most dearly-won and hard to get the better of are administrative limitations. Harmonizing to EU jurisprudence a service â€Å" supplier † should hold its registered office, cardinal disposal or chief topographic point of concern within the Community[ 45 ], which about automatically extinguish any foreign provider from the domestic market. It prevents states or companies from â€Å" spread outing their end products in sectors where they have a comparative advantage †[ 46 ]. SMEs ( â€Å" the anchor of the European economic system †[ 47 ]) find themselves in even worse state of affairs than the large companies. The proportion between the antecedently mentioned costs and their size is so immense, that they can non every bit compete with domestic providers and will likely decline to supply cross-border services. â€Å" Now merely 8 % of SMEs are engaged in cross-border trade and merely 5 % have set up subordinates or joint ventures abroad †[ 48 ]. Harmoniz ing to the study, the most of import barriers for SMEs met in exporting are, to call a few, the establishing of a commercial presence abroad ( 16 % of all respondents ) , the deficiency of international criterions for services ( 14 % ) , revenue enhancement issues ( 10 % )[ 49 ]. These limitations have multiple negative effects. They cut down competition between domestic and foreign providers that cause higher monetary values and lower pick for consumers. There are still â€Å" losing links † or â€Å" constrictions † in the Single Market, which exists in theory, but, in world, it is constrained by multiple barriers and regulative obstructions[ 50 ]. Decision Despite the declared EU Single Market ends for the hereafter, such as â€Å" openness to planetary trade and investing † , â€Å" rejection of protectionism † , â€Å" the remotion of behind-the-border obstructions † and â€Å" greater attending to the international dimension †[ 51 ]in fixing the new ordinances, in pattern EU states resemble the half-open doors. By and large they have a free entryway, but the breadth of the transition varies well depending on the EU ‘s â€Å" pyramid of penchants † . the EU is frequently accused of holding an ambivalent attitude towards the GATT/WTO. Simultaneously it actively supports trade liberalisation via Rounds and the edifice up of a universe trade jurisprudence, but refuse to thoroughly implement it. Homes bias + province ‘s different policies.

Dealing with Complaints Essay

You know I have just moved to a new region and noticed the advertisement near by my house. I would like to know about your internet services. – Sure. first of all I want to know for what do you need the internet? For work? For communication? or may be for online games? – well, I think mostly for communication with my relatives abroad. -Ok, then how often do you use internet? -every day. – I have choose some variants for you. What kind of tariff do you prefer? limited or unlimited? unlimited, I think. – so there are 23$ and 17$ variants. Â  a days ago I have bought a new coat and didn’t noticed that there is a big hole inside! – oh, we are really sorry for it. ou can choose from several options: to refund, to replace or to repair it. -I think replacement is what I want. -wait me a minute. I’ll be back soon. Here it is. – thank you. -we apologies again for this defect How can I help you? – I would like to choose a mobile phone for present for my wife. -Well I can offer you this models. Women like it most of all. -Very good. My wife like to make a photos, so I need good camera within the phone. -ok, this models have a 16 megapixels camera. But I would recommend you this phone. It has wi-fi and 3g functions, big sized screen. Moreover this screen can react on nails! – that’s what I need. What is the price for it? -oh, lucky you! Right now we have sale on all phones of this series. It costs only 640$!!! -great. Can you say some words about the guarantees? – Of cause, it has a guarantee on 2 years. With opportunity to refund or replace it if something will go wrong. I forgot to said that it is available in 5 colors: black, white, pink, yellow and blue.

Language containing distinctive musical features Assignment

Language containing distinctive musical features - Assignment Example They institute an introduction into the song’s chorus. Key among such is rhyme. The ab, ab rhyme pattern evident at the end of every line helps develop the rhythm in the song. Additionally, the placement of stress in specific parts of the four sentences enhances the development of the distinct sound pattern as well. The sonic structure of the sentence enhances the message it conveys. Furthermore, the structure has distinct allegory connected strategically to Marlboro thus enhancing its effectiveness in commercials. The repetition in both phrases in the sentence helps develop a definitive rhythm. The sentence has both factual and cultural connotations thereby enhancing its effectiveness in adverts. The literal meaning of the sentence earns it legitimacy in the advert. The need for cultural association validates the use of the sentence in songs as Kanye West does in one of his songs. The musician varies stress in the sentence besides infusing it in an effectively structured stanza in which in enhances the rhythm of the music through rhymes, allegory and repetitions among other stylistic devices. The words in the sentence have synonymous sound patterns a feature that enhances the rhythm of the line in a stanza. The sentence is a composition of culturally familiar products. The use of such is strategic in order to improve the consumption of the song. The audience readily identifies with the products thereby comprehend the message in both the line and the