Privacy - 1776 Words

Running Head: THE EXISTENCE OF PRIVACY WITH TECHNOLOGY THE EXISTENCE OF PRIVACY WITH TECHNOLOGY Obediah Howard Bellevue University THE EXISTENCE OF PRIVACY WITH TECHNOLOGY Abstract This research paper will discuss the relationship between privacy and technology. It will attempt to ascertain if technology and privacy can share the same plane of existence. Benefits and deficiencies of a particular technology are not hereditary to that technology, but are depend on their application. The public insists on accountability of technological innovation and assurance that privacy will remain intact. Striking a balance between enabling technology to enrich lives and restricting it from invading privacy has to be†¦show more content†¦The convenience of communicating around the world in an instant or purchasing products and services over the Internet, and even online banking is not without risk. In fact, any online activity that involves sharing personal information is inherently risky. In the social networking arena, users voluntarily divulge personal information online that, prior to the digital age, would have been considered private and restricted. Without careful and fierce examination of information prior to submitting it online, users unwittingly and certainly unwillingly subject themselves to threat of privacy intrusion. Personal data posted online could be retrieved to take advantage of users, adversely affecting their lives. GPS coordinates embedded in photos taken from smartphones expose the location of where the photo was taken and could be used for exploitation. Online identity theft can occur if users are not more cognizant of online activities. Online social networking services and ecommerce websites generally collect two types of information: personal details provided by a user and usage data collected automatically as the user spends time on the internet visiting different areas. The public is increasingly concerned about privacy protection but will accept a new technology if the public is properly informed and understand what’s happening to its data and the desired convenience is delivered (Buckler, 2011). The public is aware that, in order to take advantage of someShow MoreRelatedPrivacy And The Privacy Of Privacy1803 Words   |  8 PagesFirstly, it would be a good idea to explain exactly what privacy is and then discuss the importance of privacy and some of the legal consequences that could arise when violating a patient’s privacy. I’ve always believed that privacy is one of the most important things when it comes to the patient s care. One of the main forms of privacy that I would like to discuss is, Informational privacy which is defined as the privacy of personal information and usually relates to personal data stored on computerRead MorePrivacy And The Privacy Of Privacy1735 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society, the w ord â€Å"privacy† has become ubiquitous. When discussing whether government surveillance and data collection pose a threat to privacy, the most common retort against privacy advocates – by those in favor of databases, video surveillance, spyware, data mining and other modern surveillance measures – is this line: If I’m not doing anything wrong, what would I have to hide? The allowance of the government’s gathering and analysis of our personal information stems from an inadequateRead MorePrivacy And The Privacy Of Privacy1626 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy is the ability to maintain what or who can access and see your personal content and information. With that, the idea of privacy is different amongst different cultures and countries, while they all differ, they share common characteristics. The act of sharing ones own personal information is decision one must make on their own. Privacy is a right that all people should have and the government has the responsibility of maintaining that right. Data such as personal emails, bank details, medicalRead MorePrivacy Issues : Privacy And Privacy Essay2250 Words   |  9 PagesPrivacy Privacy has been a thing for consideration ever since the early days and has even become more worrisome recently with the evolvement of information technology. Individuals around the world value their privacy and the protection of their personal information. Having a knowledge of who is accessing their information and what it is being used for. But with the recent and rapid evolvement of IT, information privacy is being threatened and individuals no longer possess the control over who hasRead MorePrivacy Is An American Invasion Of Privacy3114 Words   |  13 PagesPrivacy is an especially equivocal idea, in particularly because invasion of privacy is a concept that is arguably questionable. Privacy has been defined as the right to be left alone without unwarranted intrusion by government, media, or other institutions or individuals. While this definition serves as a quick start to the right of privacy, there are still several interpretations as to what may or may not constitute a s an invasion of privacy. What one person may believe to be an innocent curiosityRead MoreA Brief Note On Privacy And The Privacy2459 Words   |  10 PagesDec. 2014 A Right to Privacy Technology has proposed a variety of different options to support the privacy rights of people. At the same time, technology has also done the opposite, making it almost impossible for anyone to have secured privacy. Nowadays, there are multiple hacking programs or devices that can help protect private information; however, they can also be used to invade privacy. Modern-day society has records of incidents and events involving the invasion of privacy, including those notRead MorePrivacy Is An American Invasion Of Privacy3113 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Privacy is an especially equivocal idea, in particularly because invasion of privacy is a concept that is arguably questionable. Privacy has been defined as the right to be left alone without unwarranted intrusion by government, media, or other institutions or individuals. While this definition serves as a quick start to the right of privacy, there are still several interpretations as to what may or may not constitute as an invasion of privacy. What one person may believe to be anRead MoreThe Invasion Of Privacy And Privacy1399 Words   |  6 PagesCelebrities; They Have A Right To Their Privacy Too   Ã‚  Ã‚   Invasion of privacy occurs way too often in society. How would you feel if you had your personal photos hacked, and then reposted onto the internet, what if they were your nude photos? What about your medical records, would you like to have your records stolen and then announced for the whole world to know? Many groups have their privacies hacked, stolen, abused, or even shared through other means of social media.   Look at one particular groupRead MoreThe Right to Privacy1152 Words   |  5 Pages Personal interest in the right to privacy has intensified in recent years along with the rapid development of new technologies. A century later, these concerns remain, but many others have joined them. Advances in information and communications technology have increased our ability to collect, store and transmit data about individuals. While these advances could be considered useful, some see them as a situation where anyone can watch and record the actions of every ind ividual, and where theRead MoreShould Privacy Be Privacy? Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesIs it possible to have privacy in this day in age? Is somebody watching every move we make? These questions have been running through my mind ever since I got my iPhone. It’s terrifying to believe that someone could be watching me all the time. Although this isn’t on my mind every second of the day, it is something major to think about. Unfortunately this is an issue that we deal with today. Whenever we expose ourselves to the public, ninety percent of the time we are being watched. I do understand

Plato s The Socratic Method - 2253 Words

Plato wrote nearly 30 dialogues, most of which focused on his predecessor, Socrates. His earlier works focused on Socrates Theories, or the Socratic method, while his later works focused on his own laws and Xenophon s Hiero. Some of Plato s dialogues include the Meno, Symposium, Republic, and the Phaedo. The Socratic method is a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to generate ideas. This paper is going to focus on a few of Plato s earlier works and how they incorporate the Socratic method, versus his later works that seem to go in a different direction all together. First, it is important to understand that the Socratic method is a dialectical method that often involves discussion between people in which one person questions the defense of a point of view; many times the person defending his point of view may contradict himself, which gives the opposition a stronger defense. For example, Socrate s would use a simple question to begin many of his teachings, such as â€Å"Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?† As an alternative example, are actions right, or wrong, based only on the authority s approval of said actions? Socrates used this method many times to secure his point of view. Although Socrates wrote nothing down, therefore not allowing us to truly study his point of views or his teachings, we can assume that most ofShow MoreRelatedSocrates : The Suicide Of Socrates1405 Words   |  6 Pageswas asking in the dialectic method (also known as the Socratic method). The Socratic method was also referred to as the method of â€Å"elenchus†. The principle underlying the Socratic method is that students learn through the use of critical thinking, reasoning, and logic. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person wou ld seek. This method was a influence in creating the scientific method, where the hypotheses is theRead MoreQuestions On World Philosophy By Plato, Maria Montessori, And John Dewey1276 Words   |  6 PagesPaper Mikala: I ask you this, what is Knowledge? Plato: Knowledge is Virtue. Maria Montessori: Knowledge is what we observe. John Dewey: Knowledge is the active adaptation of a person based on their environment. This is an example of the Socratic dialog laid out by Plato. Plato was a philosopher and educator whom believed that education was the key to society. As a student, I realize how my education was impacted by philosophers such a Plato, Montessori, and Dewey. As a future teacher, it isRead MoreThe Socratic Method And Nietzsche s Objections1390 Words   |  6 Pages The Socratic Method and Nietzsche’s Objections In Plato’s apology, the story is told of how Chaerephon, friend of Socrates, went to the temple at Delphi to ask the oracle a question pertaining to the wisdom of Socrates, and how it compares to the rest of the men on earth. â€Å"He asked if any man was wiser than I, and the Pythian replied that no one was wiser† (Plato). This response was very confusing to Socrates because he recognized that he was not wise at all, and it troubled him for some timeRead MorePhilosophy1687 Words   |  7 PagesAnthony Charpentier Due Date: 10/7/14 PHI 307 – Ancient Philosophy First Essay Assignment Xenophanes, Socrates, Plato on the possibility of knowledge Skepticism – A skeptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of something. In ordinary skepticism this would mean someone who would doubt the existence of something. A difference between the two is normal skepticism is you try to get it clear in your head. Ordinary doubt - or local skepticism - can usually be tested - and even when it cantRead MoreA Life Sketch of Plato and His Works905 Words   |  4 PagesGreek philosophers, Plato must remain the best known of all the Greeks. The original name of this Athenian aristocrat was Aristiclis, but in his school days he received the nickname Platon (meaning broad) because of his broad shoulders. Plato was born in Athens, Greece to one of the oldest and most distinguished families in the city. He lived with his mother, Perictione, and his father, Ariston (Until Ariston died.) Born in an aristocratic and rich family, Plato s childhood was indulgedRead MoreThe Theory Of The Philosophy Of Education Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching Philosophy Emily E. Blackwell Athens State University Abstract Idealism, thought to be the creation of Greek philosopher, Plato, is the approach that teachers use to get students to ask and answer questions in order to reach the next level of education. The teacher will typically use a variety of inquiry based learning tactics. This school of thought is used to develop each students’ individual abilities and moral character. The idealist feels that with the development of moral characterRead MoreAccusations Against Socrates1014 Words   |  5 Pagesposed a threat to society was a factor, the most direct reason why Socrates was executed was his method to question wise Athenians. The Socratic method iniciated the corruption of youth by young men who tried to imitate Socrates and as a result, posed a threat to society since the next generation may not follow traditional Athenian rules. Early on, Socrates had clearly established to the Athenian s that he was not a Sophist. He had no intention to teach for money but instead to spread his newRead MoreSocrates Vs. Plato : The Essential Themes Of The Meno1633 Words   |  7 Pagesof context that is crucial to understanding the essential themes of the Meno, largely because the dialogue sits nearly at the beginning of western philosophy. Socrates and Plato are working not so much in the context of previous philosophies as in the context of the lack of them. Further, this is very probably one of Plato s earliest surviving dialogues, set in about 402 BCE (by extension, we might presume that it represents Socrates at a relatively early stage in his own thought). Nonetheless,Read MoreThe Philosophy of Socrates: a Lover of Wisdom2030 Words   |  9 PagesWisdom (2052 Words) THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCRATES 2 The lessons of life that are delivered by Socrates act as a basis for Western philosophy. Plato, the writer of The Apology, significantly respects Socrates and his dialogues act as a framework for our understanding in the passages. Our only record of his life comes from his associates, as Socrates never documented his opinions. A clear expressionRead MoreThe Basic Principle Of Inquiry1195 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking. Ancient The Ancient Era of philosophy spanned from the 7th century B.C to the 5th century and consisted of 4 briefer eras; Pre-Socratic, Socratic, Hellenistic, and finished of with Roman. Many of the philosophers of this era came from Greece or Rome, but many Egyptian scholars also had significant ideas that were present during these times. Pre-Socratic Many of the works (such as plays, books, etc†¦) of this time period have been lost to history or we’ve only recovered portions of scriptures

Managing People in a Global Context

Question: Discuss about theManaging People in a Global Context. Answer: Introduction This paper is about the human resource management practices for AirAsia, an air transport company, between two countries Malaysia and Indonesia with Malaysia as the parent country. AirAsia is a Malaysian low-cost airline. It was established in year 1993 but it starts its operations towards the end of 1996. At first it was a government owned corporation but due to heavy debts the airline was sold to Tony Femandes in 2001. Before it was sold to Tony AirAsia was unable to attract sufficient customers from Malaysia Airline thus failed to establish its market (Jiang and Li 2016). As a matter of fact, Malaysia Airlines is among the leading award charming as well as the biggest less costly airlines across Malaysia and has been growing up rapidly since dawn of the millennium. AirAsia flies to over 60 domestic and international destinations with over 100 routes, it also runs over 400 air travel on daily basis from centers located in Malaysia and Indonesia. The airline has a fleet of over 70 a irlines which has flown millions of people across the region and it keeps on creating far-reaching route networks in the country and through its associate company in Indonesia. Air carriage is one of the worlds greatest significant businesses that every organization cannot be successful in. Over the various progress and its technical services accomplishments makes it one of the utmost providers to its development in the current society. The carrier conveyance development is an exceptional one as equated to other methods of transport as it is necessary to the trade and industry progress (Nugraha, 2016). Consequently, AirAsia through its business idea Now Everyone Can Fly opens the skies for everyone. AirAsia is selected as the favorite choice of transport. HRM Practices Training and Development Training personalities is a process that is directly related to skills, knowledge and strategies which are necessary for any given specific job. This may include coaching of workers innovative skills, uncovering them to inexperienced planning, providing employees with a chance to practice and get feedback on certain styles of working with people and also buoy up people to discuss their work with each other. This can be an ongoing process throughout a staff members employment. On-the-Job Training This kind of job lets staffs learn through real performance of specific tasks. The employee will have to perform the job and through that will be learning as they goes. This kind of job may be structured by use of hands on application by the support of classroom instructions or may also be unstructured by making use of only hands-on instructions. Consequently, this type of training has got an advantage since there is immediate feedback on performance (Cummings, and Worley 2014). On the other hand it may be of disadvantage to the company since it may slow down production for the trainer and also interrupt the workflow. Job Mentoring Job mentoring involves providing employees with a skilled instructor to supervise the workers learning experience. The instructor plays the role of providing advice, instructions and not performing the job together with the employee as it is the case with on-the-job training. Here the learner worker will have to learn the job as firsthand and only consult the mentor at any given time for assistance. This kind of training is beneficial in that it inspires one-on-one training, the advisor is there to offer advice and the mentee will have to experience growth within the company (Cummings and Worley 2014). Job Rotation This type of training teaches workers ways on how to carry out various jobs over time. The employees will have to take turns around on different jobs in the company, carrying out various different responsibilities that are not linked from the original work. However, it has its own flaws such as workforce not being contented with the new cycle, the morale of employees may drop if they are shifted for an extensive period of time and to some point may also disrupt the workflow since employees get to learn new tasks. On the other hand, as a human resource boss it is essential to shape up an upright association among cultural teams within the company since employee work in a diversified society. Indeed it is a necessity to interact with the native people who serve as agencies in order to provide occupation information and services so that to enable employees to study and comprehend the companys programs (Saks, Haccoun, and Belcourt, 2010).Over and done with such programs the corporation will get to recognize the traditional settings, lives as well as the wellbeing of workers outside the place of work; on the same note it constructs a durable link by increasing appreciative and trust among employees. Accordingly in order for a company to triumph the human resource section is obliged to make sure that it battle any form of discernment so that to realize a reasonable gain over their adjacent rivals. As a result there is need to understand that there is no single organization that can flop to develop an upright crew of operational specialists minus a deep-rooted human resources team. The essential duty of the human resources management crew comprise hiring staffs, teaching them, performance evaluations, work communication, care and not over looking incentive to teams. In respect to this, individuals any known company is titled to perform a number of important activities that will make the business recognize and attain its aims and ideas. It is the duty of directors as well as human resource experts to ensure that they bring together individuals so that to efficiently be in position to carry out different undertakings that takes place inside the company. As a result, for a company to be able to operate its undertakings in a well manner it is supposed to observe and view the workers in the corporation as resources and not liabilities to the firm. Looking at individuals as resources is one of the greatest vital parts of modern human resource management (Daley, 2012). Ultimately human resource executives need to have a clearly understanding of the word diversity, diversity means substantial dissimilarities among personalities, therefore, this comprise different perceptions that are looked at as unique state of businesses and environments. In addition diversity administration is an endless practice that work together and identify the labor force and customers variances into all the various corporate management basics that consist of employee interaction, roles, services and processes, creation of comprehensive, pleasant, original and active business. Performance Management An effective performance management system is one that enhances workers morale, loyalty which increases general productivity. The main goal of talent management in most corporations is to create a maintainable and high performance organization that is be able to meet the operational and planned goals of the organization (Giacalone, and Rosenfeld, 2013). Diverse firms have their own ways of conducting team management but the general goal of the process is common in all businesses. Many employees will be forced to look for new jobs with the development of economic conditions with globalization. AirAsia is determined to spend more time to ensure it develops and retain talent not like other organizations that put tremendous efforts in attracting workers to their companies. AirAsia has confidence that a business with the right talent has the highest probabilities of succeeding and countering competition in the market. This is a crucial duty that human resource is eligible to. Talent management elements are the set of tools that a company can use to ensure that it is able to stay in the marketplace and counter all rivalry that might come about. In line with this, talent management help an organization to streamline the process of hiring and training new employees and help it to focus on activities that are related to the business (Gruman, and Saks, 2011). Moreover, it is important to note that commitment of employees, management development, and structural cultures also have abundant significance when it comes to talent retention in an organization. Talent management is a fundamental part of all teams at AirAsia Company since it helps the business in various ways such as: Engagement of employees: It is with much importance for the human resource department to see to it that it continuously keeps its personnel involved as a way of giving them a sense of belonging and development. Conversely, this is not an easy undertaking, given the overall involvedness of the function. Thus human resource managers tend to lean upon talent management applications in the development of a streamlined process. Carrying out consistent employee evaluations to keep workforces performance on track: Working according to performance evaluation is of great importance because it offers managers and staff an opportunity to discuss their performance, places of interest, goals, challenges, development needs and competencies. For workers to be in the position of performing at the best of their ability it is essential that the company gets regular feedback on what they are doing well and the areas that require improvement. Consequently, this is the time where leaders together with their employees put plans in place and be able to address these performance gaps (Walker, Damanpour, and Devece, 2010). Deliver constant feedback to maximize performance: It is beyond reasonable doubt that continuous feedback plays a significant role in ensuring expansion of return among workers. The process allows for faster corrective action in case things start to go off the rail, since it enables managers and the staff to address the issue when it is still small (Van Dooren, Bouckaert, and Halligan, 2015). Localization of HRM Practices Localization refers to the adaptation of products or services to meet the needs of local people of particular culture, language or other variables. When expanding internationally, AirAsia may consider localizing to Indonesian culture. As multinational gains valuable local resources, the local management shall face little resistance. It is cheaper to maintain a local manager than a foreign manager in the country. The culture and environment dictates the individuals based on their achievement but recruited based on their teamwork skills. The training and development standards need to be maintained. As one size does not fit all, training and development programs need to be provided to the people based on the local culture or language. A cross-cultural training program must be designed by thoroughly assessing the workforce and its needs (Xing et al. 2016). Further, AirAsia can also use the performance management tool by linking to the organizational strategy. As the culture of home country, Malaysia differs from that of host country, Indonesia. Often the corporate home office will not accept common practices and procedures found in Indonesia as a best practice and require Indonesian managers and staff to adapt to the international corporate culture. The workplace culture in Indonesia is paternalistic where the managers are treated as father figures. The employees do not voice their disagreement with the managers. In Indonesia, the collective working culture contradicts bonuses by performance. The deadlines do not matter much that leads to failure and incompetence. Further, the standardization methods in managing employees may not be successful as people across the world are not the same. The employees in Indonesia have different needs from that of Malaysian employees. Therefore, the norms and approaches followed to manage the Malaysian employees may not be successful in Indonesia. Therefore, AirAsia may consider localizing IHRM practices (Edwards et al. 2016). Type of Control An organizational structure is daunting to achieve the core objectives of the business. An organizational structure is important for the decision making, communication, evaluating employee performance, achieving goals and objectives. As airlines have multiple functions and subsidiaries, they have numerous employees working under them to satisfy millions of customers regularly. A structural-formal or bureaucratic structure may be appropriate for the organization. As organizational structure provides backbone for all operations and processes, flow of ideas, information, decisions and reporting relationships, AirAsia may follow bureaucratic processes. There are many layers of management and there is a chain of command (van der Voet 2014). The employees in the airlines shall have specific tasks and roles for the particular departments in the airlines. The duties and responsibilities shall be followed strictly as AirAsia shall have stringent policies and procedures. The formalized proponents of bureaucracy can bring out efficiency and predictability in the organization. The officials follow procedures and instructions for managing performance. There shall be no scope for favoritism in case of bureaucratic structure. Usually, there are fairly rigid vertical structures, so a performance review typically results in a promotion within the department but usually not into other departments, limiting growth and development (Harper 2014). Role of Subsidiary According to a number of studies conducted on subsidiary typologies, the different types of subsidiaries are global innovators, integrated players, implementers and local innovators. The global innovators refer to the firms having low knowledge inflow and large knowledge outflow. The global innovators are independent of their parents. The integrated players are the ones that highly engage in managing heavy information inflows as well as outflows. Further, the implementers have very low knowledge outflow as they do not engage in knowledge transfer. They rely knowledge acquired from parent firms having high knowledge inflows. Lastly, the local innovators are the subsidiaries that engage in very less in acquiring knowledge from or into the parent firms (Audretsch et al. 2012). The subsidiary of AirAsia may play the role of integrated player that is very important for its development. As there is high knowledge inflow, the parent company in Malaysia can educate with the training and development practices they follow. The approaches and practices such as job rotation, job mentoring and on-the-job training can be provided to the Indonesian subsidiary. The performance management practices such as rewarding the employees with incentives and bonuses may also be communicated to the subsidiary. Also, the practices followed in the subsidiary at Indonesia can also be communicated with Malaysian organization. The practices that shall suit the employees in Indonesia regarding training and development and performance management can be communicated with Malaysia. The parent company can adapt to the practices of managing employees and train the employees if the subsidiary finds it successful. Therefore, the role of integrated player shall be suitable for AirAsia the most (Boutellier, Gassmann and Zedtwitz 2014). Conclusion According to the above it is true that AirAsia has an exclusive way of managing its staff. The corporation chiefly focuses on staffs that are related to managerial activities by providing them with assistance in career planning and the need to retain employees. Actually this is an opportunity as employee feel contented and this makes them get driven to work to the best of their ability. AirAsia understands that the only viable competitive advantage is to make sure that workers are happy and motivated towards their work. Recommendations From the above discussion Indonesia will require more financial support so that it can be in a better position to carry out efficient training and development practices as well as performance management practices. This is not an easy task because each option demands a large sum of money in order to engage in equipping its employees with the necessary skills. In addition Malaysia is supposed to take some of its instructors to Indonesia to provide workers there with job mentoring skills. References Audretsch, D., Lehmann, E., Link, A. and Starnecker, A., 2012.Technology Transfer in a Global Economy. 1st ed. Dordrecht: Springer. Boutellier, R., Gassmann, O. and Zedtwitz, M., 2014.Managing global innovation. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014. Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Daley, D.M., 2012. Strategic human resource management. Public Personnel Management, pp.120-125. Edwards, T., Snchez-Mangas, R., Jalette, P., Lavelle, J. and Minbaeva, D., 2016. Global standardization or national differentiation of HRM practices in multinational companies? A comparison of multinationals in five countries.Journal of International Business Studies, 47(8), pp.997-1021. Giacalone, R.A. and Rosenfeld, P., 2013. Impression management in the organization. Psychology Press. Gruman, J.A. and Saks, A.M., 2011. Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), pp.123-136. Harper, C., 2014.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. 1st ed. Florence: Taylor and Francis. Jehanzeb, K. and Bashir, N.A., 2013. Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study. Training and Development, 5(2). Jiang, C. and Li, X., 2016. Research in Transportation Business Management. Nugraha, R.A., 2016. Airasia: Flying Cabotage Under Cloak In Indonesia And Asean. JurnalHukum Pembangunan, 45(2), pp.163-183. Saks, A.M., Haccoun, R.R. and Belcourt, M., 2010. Managing performance through training and development. Cengage Learning. van der Voet, J., 2014. The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure.European Management Journal, 32(3), pp.373-382. Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G. and Halligan, J., 2015. Performance management in the public sector. Routledge. Walker, R.M., Damanpour, F. and Devece, C.A., 2010. Management innovation and organizational performance: The mediating effect of performance management. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, p.muq043. Xing, Y., Liu, Y., Tarba, S. and Cooper, C., 2016. Intercultural influences on managing African employees of Chinese firms in Africa: Chinese managers HRM practices.International Business Review, 25(1), pp.28-41.

Television, Which Was Only In Nine Percent Of American Households In 1

Television, which was only in nine percent of American households in 1950, is now in ninety-eight percent of them. America is the world leader in real crime and violence, which some scientists attribute to the imaginary violence we see on TV. All Americans, regardless of race, religion, gender, age, or social economic group, have been bound together by the shared cultural experience of television, but how does mass media influence people? In particular, does television violence cause aggression? There are many different points of view concerning aggression caused from television violence. A few of these social psychology theories include the Arousal theory, the Social Learning theory, the Disinhibition theory, and the Aggression Reduction theory. On the other hand, some believe the children who are prone to brutality are also drawn to violent shows because they are predisposed to aggression. The Arousal theory states that exposure to television violence increases aggression because violence increases excitation, or arouses its viewers. The Social Learning theory says that ways of behaving are learned by observing others, and that this is a major means by which children acquire unfamiliar behavior. This theory also leads us to expect that children who see fictional characters on television glamorized or rewarded for their violent conduct will not only learn those behaviors but will also be more likely to perform them themselves when given the chance. The Disinhibition theory declares that television violence in certain circumstances will result in increased interpersonal aggression because it weakens inhibitions against such behavior. The last point of view, Aggression Reduction states that under certain conditions exposure to television violence will reduce subsequent aggression. Children are watching, on average, close to twenty-eight hours of television every week. On an average that is 1,456 hours in a single year. By the time a child leaves elementary school, they have witnessed approximately 8,000 murders on television. Surprisingly, cartoons contain the most violence, roughly eighteen acts of aggression every hour. The most recent evidence suggests that by the time they are twelve years old, the average child will have witnessed 100,000 acts of violence on TV. Children's programs are the least likely of all television programs to show the long-term negative consequences of violence. Children who view shows, in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated or left unpunished, are more likely to imitate what they see. The negative consequences of violence are not often portrayed in violent programming. In fact, only four percent of violent programs emphasize and anti-violent theme. Violence prevails in eight out of every ten shows. Moreover, an av erage of five or six violent incidents occurs each hour. On the positive side however, television violence is usually not explicit or graphic. Forty-four percent of the shows on network stations contain at least some violence compared with fifty-nine percent on basic cable, and eighty-five percent on premium cannels like HBO and ShowTime. According to a survey conducted by U.S. News and the University of California of Los Angeles with many top level Hollywood figures, forty-five percent of the Hollywood elite say the overall quality of TV programming has worsened in the past decade. Ironically, there is presently little evidence indicating that violence enhances program popularity. America is the world leader in real crime and violence. Some scientists attribute this to the imaginary violence we see on TV. The impact of TV violence may be immediately evident in a child's behavior, as was the case a few years ago in which a five year old boy set his home on fire, killing his two year old sister because of an episode of Bevis and Buthead or may surface years later. According to research, media violence causes children to act more aggressively, cultivates attitudes that are excessively distorted, frightening, and pessimistic, and desensitizes children to violence. Children who view shows, in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated, of left unpunished, are more likely to imitate what they see. There is a general consensus among social scientists that television violence increases the propensity to real life aggression among some viewers. Evidence suggests that violence on television is potentially dangerous, in that it serves as a model for behavior, especially for children. Children who spend their after school time alone because parents work will